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4
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84927464294
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P. E. Evans and R. S. Millman, in Vibratory Compacting, Volume 2, edited by H. H. Hausner, Kempton H. Roll, and Peter K. Johnson (Plenum, New York, 1967), pp. 237–251;
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5
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84927466368
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I. G. Shatalova, N. S. Gorbunov, and V. I. Likhtman, ibid., pp. 144–149;
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8
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84927464275
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R. Dobry and R. V. Whitman, Department of Civil Engineering, M.I.T. Research Report R70-05, Soils Publication 251, 1969 (unpublished); E. W. Brand, in Evaluation of Relative Density and Its Role in Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesionless Soils, edited by E. T. Selig and R. S. Ladd, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 523 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Baltimore, 1973), pp. 121–131.
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11
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84927485520
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S. F. Edwards, in Granular Matter, An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Anita Mehta (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994), pp. 121–140.
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12
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84927478570
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In this case, the total change in density is far greater than the steady-state density fluctuations that occur in the driven system. That is, we are observing irreversible relaxation toward a steady state, as opposed to small fluctuations about a steady state. We will present work on the linear response regime in a later paper. J. B. Knight, E. Nowak, E. Ben-Naim, H. M. Jaeger, and S. R. Nagel (unpublished).
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14
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84927485527
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The parameter GAMMA can also be calculated using the rms acceleration of the tap; we have experimentally determined that Γrms= (0.293 +- 0.002 ) GAMMA. Similarly, Γ1, the acceleration parameter calculated using the height of the first peak, can be determined from the ratio of the height of the first peak to that of the second, which we have measured to be 0.52+- 0.02.
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16
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84927471907
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Tokue noticed that applying a load to the top of a column of vibrated granular material increased Γc. Similarly, the characteristic acceleration near the bottom of our tube is measurably higher than that of the total column density (Fig. 3). Although a pressure head does not develop in static granular materials confined to a columnar geometry, it is possible that the sand weight is significant during vibration, and the resulting ``dynamic'' pressure head is responsible for the packing inhomogeneity observed in Fig. 2(a). It is not clear, however, why this pressure head is not observed for Γ > 1.7.
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17
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0010813360
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/69; R. Dobry and R. V. Whitman, in Evaluation of Relative Density and Its Role in Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesionless Soils (Ref. [4]), pp. 156–170.
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(1968)
Powder Tech.
, vol.2
, pp. 72
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Suzuki, A.1
Takahashi, H.2
Tanaka, T.3
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35
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84927490033
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A. Mehta and S. F. Edwards, in Disorder in Condensed Matter Physics, edited by J. Blackman and J. Tagüeña (Oxford University Press, New York, 1990), pp. 155–162;
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