76. Synthesis of Monodisperse Macromolecular Bicyclic and Dendritic Compounds from (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic Acid and Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic Acid and Analysis by Fragmenting MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy

Helvetica Chimica Acta

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 989-1026

  Seebach, Dieter ^a   Herrmann, Guido F ^a   Lengweiler, Urs D ^a   Amrein, Walter ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000254387     PISSN: 0018019X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19970800402     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. D. Seebach, G. F. Herrmann, U. D. Lengweiler, B. M. Bachmann, W. Amrein, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 2795.
2. A. Steinbüchel, Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 1991, 39, 1112; A. Steinbüchel, in 'Biomaterials', Ed. D. Byrom, Stockton Press, New York, 1991, p. 123-213.
3. A. Steinbüchel, Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 1991, 39, 1112; A. Steinbüchel, in 'Biomaterials', Ed. D. Byrom, Stockton Press, New York, 1991, p. 123-213.
4. a) H.-M. Müller, D. Seebach, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1993, 32, 477;
5. b) D. Seebach, A. Brunner, B. M. Bachmann, T. Hoffmann, F. N. M. Kühnle, U. D. Lengweiler 'Schering Lecture' 1995, Vol. 28.
6. H. G. Schlegel, 'Allgemeine Mikrobiologie', 7th edn., Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992; J. M. Shively, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1974, 28, 167-187.
7. H. G. Schlegel, 'Allgemeine Mikrobiologie', 7th edn., Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992; J. M. Shively, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1974, 28, 167-187.
8. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
9. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
10. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
11. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
12. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
13. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
14. a) R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, J. Bacteriol. 1983, 156, 778; R. N. Reusch, T. W. Hiske, H. L. Sadoff, ibid. 1986, 168, 553; R. Reusch, T. Hiske, H. Sadoff, R. Harris, T. Beveridge, Can. J. Microbiol. 1987, 33, 435; R. N. Reusch, H. L. Sadoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85, 4176; R. N. Reusch, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1989, 191, 377; R. N. Reusch, Chem. Phys. Lipids 1990, 54, 221; R. N. Reusch, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103, 119;
15. b) R. N. Reusch, A.W. Sparrow, J. Gardiner, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1123, 33;
16. c) R. N. Reusch, R. Huang, L. L. Bramble, Biophys. J. 1995, 69, 754.
17. D. Seebach, A. Brunner, H. M. Bürger, J. Schneider, R. N. Reusch, Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 224, 317.
18. International Symposium on Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates, ISBP '96, Davos, Switzerland, 18-23 August 1996, Program and Book of Abstracts.
19. B. M. Bachmann, Dissertation No. 12074, ETH Zürich, 1997.
20. T. Hoffmann, D. Seebach, Liebigs. Ann. 1996, 1277.
21. U. D. Lengweiler, M. G. Fritz, D. Seebach, Helv. Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 670-701.
22. D. Seebach, H. M. Bürger, H.-M. Müller, U. D. Lengweiler, A. K. Beck, K. E. Sykes, P. A. Parker, P. J. Barham, Helv. Chim. Acta 1994, 77, 1099; K. E. Sykes, T. J. McMaster, M. J. Miles, P. A. Parker, P. J. Barham, D. Seebach, H.-M. Müller, U. D. Lengweiler, J. Mat. Sci. 1995, 30, 623.
23. D. Seebach, H. M. Bürger, H.-M. Müller, U. D. Lengweiler, A. K. Beck, K. E. Sykes, P. A. Parker, P. J. Barham, Helv. Chim. Acta 1994, 77, 1099; K. E. Sykes, T. J. McMaster, M. J. Miles, P. A. Parker, P. J. Barham, D. Seebach, H.-M. Müller, U. D. Lengweiler, J. Mat. Sci. 1995, 30, 623.
24. D. Seebach, A. Brunner, H. M. Bürger, R. N. Reusen, L. L. Bramble, Helv. Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 507-517.
25. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
26. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
27. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
28. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
29. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
30. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
31. M. A. Ogliaruso, J. F. Wolfe in 'The Chemistry of Functional Groups: The Chemistry of Acid Derivatives', Ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto, 1979, Vol. 1, Suppl. B, Part 1, p. 411-436; J. Mulzer in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds. B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 324-380; R. Sustmann in 'Comprehensive Organic Synthesis', Eds., B. M. Trost and I. Fleming, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Seoul-Tokyo, 1991, Vol. 6, p. 301-321; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-Interscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1970, Vol. 1, p. 801-825; C. A. Bühler, D. E. Pearson 'Survey of Organic Synthesis', Wiley-lnterscience, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 1977, Vol. 2, p. 711-730; I. O. Sutherland, in 'Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds', Eds., D. Barton, W. D. Ollis, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 869-956; E. Haslam, Tetrahedron 1980, 36, 2409-2433.
32. R. Adams, L. H. Ulich, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1920, 42, 599.
33. A. Einhorn, F. Hollandt, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1898, 301, 95.
34. a) R. G. Alexander, K. H. Baggaley, R. M. Hindley, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1975, 614; T. G. Back, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 3041-3059;
35. a) R. G. Alexander, K. H. Baggaley, R. M. Hindley, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1975, 614; T. G. Back, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 3041-3059;
36. b) B. Dietrich, P. Viout, J.-M. Lehn, 'Macrocyclic Chemistry', VCH, Weinheim-New York-Basel-Cambridge, 1993;
37. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
38. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
39. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
40. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
41. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
42. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
43. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
44. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
45. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
46. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
47. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
48. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
49. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
50. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
51. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
52. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
53. c) P. Helquist, M. Bergdahl, R. Hett, A. R. Gangloff, M. Demillequand, M. Cottard, M. M. Mader, T. Friebe, J. Iqbal, Y. Wu, B. Akermark, T. Rein, N. Kann, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66, 2063; J. W. Hill, W. C. Carothers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 5039; N. Jeker, C. Tamm, Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71, 1904; W. H. Kruizinga, R. M. Kellogg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5183; H. Matsuyama, T. Nakamura, N. Kamigata, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 5218; Q. Meng, M. Hesse, in 'Topics in Current Chemistry', Eds., E. Weber and F. Vögtle, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991, Vol. 161, p. 107-176; T. Mukaiyama, K. Narasaka, K. Kikuchi, Chem. Lett. 1977, 441; K. Narasaka, T. Masui, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1977, 763; K. Narasaka, K. Maruyama, T. Mukaiyama, ibid. 1978, 885; M. Rothe, M. Lohmüller, U. Breuksch, G. Schmidtberg, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 2047; L. Ruzicka, Helv. Chim. Acta 1926, 9, 230; U. Schmidt, M. Dietsche, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 786; A. Shanzer, J. Libman, F. Frolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7339; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1935, 57, 929; E. W. Spanagel, W. H. Carothers, ibid. 1936, 58, 654; U. Tonellato, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1988, 277; H. L. Wehrmeister, D. E. Robertson, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 4173.
54. W. P. Cochrane, P. L. Pauson, T. S. Stevens, J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1968, 630; A. Benning, O. Grossinsky, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1954, 87, 54.
55. W. P. Cochrane, P. L. Pauson, T. S. Stevens, J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1968, 630; A. Benning, O. Grossinsky, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1954, 87, 54.
56. M. Engel, C. W. Burris, C. A. Slate, B. W. Erickson, Tetrahedron 1993, 49, 8761.
57. H. Kessler, R. Siegmeier, Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24, 281.
58. M. H. Bosshard, R. Mory, M. Schmid, H. Zollinger, Helv. Chim. Acta 1959, 42, 1653.
59. E. J. Corey, K. C. Nicolaou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 5614.
60. J. Inanaga, K. Hirata, H. Saeki, T. Katsuki, M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1989.
61. P. Murer, D. Seebach, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1995, 34, 1995.
62. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
63. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
64. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
65. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
66. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
67. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
68. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
69. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
70. J. Issberner, R. Mors, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1994, 33, 2413; G. R. Newkome, 'Advances in Dendritic Macromolecules', Jai, Greenwich. 1994, 1995, Vol. 1+2; J.-J. Lee, W.T. Ford, Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4632; R. G. Duan, L. L. Miller, D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10783; P. G. M. H. Muijselaav, H.A. Ciaessens, C. A. Cramers, J. F. G. A. Jansen, E. W. Meier, E. M. M. d. B.-v. d. Berg, S. v. d. Wal, J. High Res. Chromatogr. 1995, 18, 121; V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar, J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11441; D. Bradley, Science 1995, 270, 1924; J. M. Tour, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 537; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield, F. Vögtle, 'Dendritic molecules: concepts, syntheses, perspectives', VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
71. O. Boussif, F. Lezoualc'h, M. A. Zanta, M. D. Mergny, D. Scherman, B. Demeneix, J.-P. Behr, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1995, 92, 7297; J. F. Kukowska-Latallo, A. U. Bielinska, J. Johnson, R. Spindler, D. A. Tomalia, J. R. Baker, ibid. 1996, 93, 4897.
72. O. Boussif, F. Lezoualc'h, M. A. Zanta, M. D. Mergny, D. Scherman, B. Demeneix, J.-P. Behr, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1995, 92, 7297; J. F. Kukowska-Latallo, A. U. Bielinska, J. Johnson, R. Spindler, D. A. Tomalia, J. R. Baker, ibid. 1996, 93, 4897.
73. A. M. Muzafarov, M. Golly, M. Möller, Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8444; A. M. Muzafarov, A. Rebrov, O. B. Gorbacevich, M. Golly, H. Gankema, M. Möller, Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 35.
74. A. M. Muzafarov, M. Golly, M. Möller, Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8444; A. M. Muzafarov, A. Rebrov, O. B. Gorbacevich, M. Golly, H. Gankema, M. Möller, Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 35.
75. A. M. Felix, E. P. Heimer, T. J. Lambros, C. Tzougraki, J. Meienhofer, J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 4194; J. S. Bajwa, Tetrahedron. Lett. 1992, 33, 2299; G. M. Anantharamaiah, K. M. Sivanandaiah, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1977, 490.
76. A. M. Felix, E. P. Heimer, T. J. Lambros, C. Tzougraki, J. Meienhofer, J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 4194; J. S. Bajwa, Tetrahedron. Lett. 1992, 33, 2299; G. M. Anantharamaiah, K. M. Sivanandaiah, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1977, 490.
77. A. M. Felix, E. P. Heimer, T. J. Lambros, C. Tzougraki, J. Meienhofer, J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 4194; J. S. Bajwa, Tetrahedron. Lett. 1992, 33, 2299; G. M. Anantharamaiah, K. M. Sivanandaiah, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1977, 490.
78. D. Noble, Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 497 A.
79. R. S. Brown, B. L. Carr, J. J. Lennon, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 7, 225.
80. M. L. Vestal, P. Juhasz, S. A. Martin, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 9, 1044.
81. R. Kaufmann, D. Kirsch, B. Spengler, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1994, 131, 355.
82. E. M. Marzluff, S. Campbell, M. T. Rodgers, J. L. Beauchamp, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6947.
83. S. Hanessian, P. Lavallee, Can. J. Chem. 1975, 53, 2975; ibid. 1977, 55, 562; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, N. A. Petasis, J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4011; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1222; Y. Ogawa, M. Nunomoto, M. Shibasaki, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1625.
84. S. Hanessian, P. Lavallee, Can. J. Chem. 1975, 53, 2975; ibid. 1977, 55, 562; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, N. A. Petasis, J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4011; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1222; Y. Ogawa, M. Nunomoto, M. Shibasaki, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1625.
85. S. Hanessian, P. Lavallee, Can. J. Chem. 1975, 53, 2975; ibid. 1977, 55, 562; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, N. A. Petasis, J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4011; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1222; Y. Ogawa, M. Nunomoto, M. Shibasaki, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1625.
86. S. Hanessian, P. Lavallee, Can. J. Chem. 1975, 53, 2975; ibid. 1977, 55, 562; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, N. A. Petasis, J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4011; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1222; Y. Ogawa, M. Nunomoto, M. Shibasaki, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1625.
87. S. Hanessian, P. Lavallee, Can. J. Chem. 1975, 53, 2975; ibid. 1977, 55, 562; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, N. A. Petasis, J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4011; K. C. Nicolaou, S. P. Seitz, M. R. Pavia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1222; Y. Ogawa, M. Nunomoto, M. Shibasaki, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1625.