An ESA study for the search for life on Mars

Planetary and Space Science

Volumn 48, Issue 2-3, 2000, Pages 181-202

  Westall, Frances ^a,o   Brack, André ^b   Hofmann, Beda ^c   Horneck, Gerda ^d   Kurat, Gero ^e   Maxwell, James ^f   Ori, Gian Gabriele ^g   Pillinger, Colin ^h   Raulin, François ⁱ   Thomas, Nicolas ^j   Fitton, Brian ^k   Clancy, Paul ^l   Prieur, Daniel ^m   Vassaux, Didier ⁿ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b CENTRE DE BIOPHYSIQUE MOLÉCULAIRE   (France)

^c NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM DER BURGERGEMEINDE BERN   (Switzerland)

^d GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^e NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM WIEN   (Austria)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^h OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ CNRS   (France)

^j MPI für Aeronomie   (Germany)

^k Mailbox 161 ^*  (Spain)

^l EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY   (Netherlands)

^m INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE EUROPÉEN DE LA MER   (France)

ⁿ CNES   (France)

^o NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000251905     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0032-0633(99)00090-2     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Abyzov, S.S., Mitskevich, I.N., Poglazova, M.N., Barkov, N.I., Lipenkov, V.Y., Bobin, N.E., Koudryashov, B.B., Pashkevich, V.M., 1998. Long-term conservation of viable microorganisms in ice sheet of Central Antarctica. SPIE, Instruments, Methods and Missions for Astrobiology 3441, 75-84.
2. Allen, C.C., 1988. Gamma-ray sterilization of Mars analog rocks and minerals. In: Workshop in the Issue Martian Meteorites: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going? LPI Contrib. No. 956, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 1-2.
3. Bada, J.L., McDonald, G.D., 1995. Amino acid racemization on Mars: implications for the preservation of biomolecules from an extinct Martian biota. Icarus 114, 139-143.
4. Baker, V., Strom, R.G., Gulick, V.R., Kargel, J.S., Komatsu, G., Kale, V.S., 1991. Ancient ocean, ice sheets and hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature 352, 589-594.
5. Banin, A., Mancinelli, R.L., 1995. Life on Mars? 1. The chemical environment. Adv. Space Res. 15 (3), 163-170.
6. Barker, W.W., Banfield, J.F., 1996. Biologically versus inorganically mediated weathering reactions: relationships between minerals and extracellular microbial polymers in lithobiontic communities. Chem. Geol. 132, 55-69.
7. Beukes, N.J., Lowe, D.R., 1986. Environmental control on diverse stromatolite morphologies in the 3000 Myr Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Sedimentol. 36, 383-397.
8. Biemann, K., 1979. The implications and limitations of the findings of the Viking organic analysis experiment. J. Molec. Evol. 14, 65-70.
9. Biemann, K., Oró, J., Toulmin III, J., Orgel, L.E., Nier, A.O., Anderson, D.M., et al., 1976. Search for organic and volatile compounds in two surface samples from the Chryse Planitia region of Mars. Science 194, 72-76.
10. Bock, G.R., Goode, J.A., 1996. Evolution of Hydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?). Wiley, Chichester.
11. Bolli, M., Micura, R., Eschenmoser, A., 1997. Pyranosyl-RNA: chiroselective self-assembly of base sequences by ligative oligomerization of tetranucleotide-2′,3′-cyclophosphates. Chemistry & Biology 4, 309-320.
12. Borg, L.E., Nyquist, L.E., Shih, C.-Y., Wiesmann, H., Reese, Y., Connelly, J.N., 1998. Rubidium-Strontium formation age of Allan Hills 84001 carbonates. In: Workshop in the Issue Martian Meteorites: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going? LPI Contrib. No. 956, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 5-6.
13. Boston, P.J., Ivanov, M.V., McKay, C.P., 1992. On the possibility of chemosynthetic ecosystems in subsurface habitat on Mars. Icarus 95, 300-308.
14. Brack, A., 1997. Life on Mars: a clue to life on Earth? Chemistry & Biology 4, 9-12.
15. Brack, A., Pillinger, C.T., 1998. Life on Mars: chemical arguments and clues from Martian meteorites. Extremophiles 2, 313-319.
16. Bradley, J.P., Harvey, R.P., McSween Jr, H.Y., 1997. No 'nanofossils' in Martian meteorite. Nature 390, 454.
17. Brocks, J.J., Logan, G.A., Buick, R., Summons, R.E., 1999. Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285, 1033-1036.
18. Butterfield, N.J., Knoll, A.J., Swett, K., 1988. Exceptional preservation of fossils in an upper Proterozoic shale. Nature 334, 424-427.
19. Burnett, B.R., Nealson, K.H., 1981. Organic films and microorganisms associated with manganese nodules. Deep-Sea Res. Part A 6, 637-645.
20. Cady, S.L., Farmer, J.D., 1996. Fossilization processes in siliceous thermal springs: trends in preservation along the thermal gradient. In: Bock, G.R., Goode, J.A. (Eds.), Evolution of Hydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?), Ciba Foundation Symposium, 202, pp. 150-170.
21. Callot, G., Maurette, M., Pottier, L., Dubois, A., 1987. Biogenic etching of microfractures in amorphous and crystalline silicates. Nature 328, 147-150.
22. Carr, M.H., 1981. The Surface of Mars. Yale University Press, New Haven.
23. Carr, M.H., 1989. Water on Mars. Nature 326, 30-35.
24. Carr, M.H., 1996. Water on Mars. Oxford University Press.
25. Carr, M.H., 1998. Water on Mars: how much was (is) there, where did it go, and when? In: Workshop in the Issue Martian Meteorites: Where Do We Stand and Where are We Going?, LPI Contrib. No. 956, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, USA.
26. Clemett, S.J., Dulay, M.T., Gilette, J.S., Chillier, X.D.F., Mahajan, T.B., Zare, R.N., 1998. Evidence for the extraterrestrial origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Martian meteorite ALH8400. Faraday Discussion, Royal Chemical Soc. (London), in press.
27. Clifford, S.M., 1993. A model for the hydrologic and climatic behaviour of water on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10973-11016.
28. Compston, W., Pidgeon, R.T., 1986. Jack Hills, evidence of more very old detrital zircons in Western Australia. Nature 321, 766-769.
29. Cragg, B.A., Parkes, R.J., Fry, J.C., Weightman, A.J., Rochelle, P.A., Maxwell, J.R., 1996. Bacterial populations and processes in sediments containing gas hydrates (ODP Leg 146, Cascadia margin). Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 139, 497-507.
30. Davis, W.L., McKay, C.P., 1996. Origins of life: a comparison of theories and applications to Mars. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 26, 61-73.
31. De Hon, R.A., 1992. Martian lake basins and lacustrine plains. Earth, Moon and Planets 56, 95-122.
32. De Leeuw, J.W., Largeau, C., 1993. A review of macromolecular organic compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal and petroleum formation. In: Engel, M.H., Macko, S.A. (Eds.), Organic Geochemistry. Plenum, pp. 23-71.
33. DeVincenzi, D.L., Stabekis, P.D., 1984. Revised planetary protection policy for solar system exploration. Adv. Space Res. 4 (12), 291-295.
34. Dorn, R.I., Oberlander, T.M., 1981. Microbial origin of desert varnish. Science 213, 1245-1247.
35. Farmer, C.B., Davies, D.W., Holland, A.L., LaPorte, D.D., Doms, P.E., 1977. Mars: water vapor observations from the Viking orbiters. J. Geophys. Res. 82 (28), 4225-4248.
36. Feldmann, M., McKenzie, J., 1997. Strombolite-thrombolite associations in a modern environment, Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Palaios 13, 201-212.
37. Feldmann, M., Neher, J., Jung, W., Graf, F., 1997. Fungal quatrz weathering and iron crystallite formation in an Alpine environment, Piz Alv, Switzerland. Ecologae Geol. Helv. 90, 541-556.
38. Folk, R.L., 1993. SEM imaging of bacteria and nannobacteria in carbonate sediments and rocks. J. Sediment. Petrol. 63, 990-999.
39. Friedmann, E.I., 1982. Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert. Science 215, 1045-1053.
40. Friedmann, E.I., 1986. The Antartic cold desert and the search for traces of life on Mars. Adv. Space Res. 6 (12), 265-268.
41. Friedmann, E.I., Ocampo, R., 1976. Endolithic blue-green algae in the dry valleys: primary producers in the Antarctic desert ecosystem. Science 193, 1247-1249.
42. Friedmann, E.I., Weed, R., 1987. Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogeneous, and abiotic weathering in the Antartic cold dersert. Science 236, 703-705.
43. Friedmann, E.I., Koriem, A.M., 1989. Life on Mars: how it disappeared (if it was ever there). Adv. Space. Res. 9 (6), 167-172.
44. Gerdes, G., Claes, M., Dunajtschik-Piewak, K., Riege, H., Krumbein, W.E., Reineck, H.-E., 1993. Contribution of microbial mats to sedimentary surface structures. Facies 29, 61-74.
45. Gibson, E.K., McKay, D.S., Thomas-Keprta, K., Westall, F., Romanek, C.A., 1998. In: Workshop in the Issue Martian Meteorites: Where do we stand and where are we going?, LPI Contrib. No. 956, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 17-18.
46. Grady, M.M., Wright, I.P., Douglas, C., Pillinger, C.T., 1994. Carbon and nitrogen in ALH84001. Meteoritics 29, 469.
47. Grin, E.A., Cabrol, N.A., 1997. Limnological analysis of the Gusev paleolake, Mars. Icarus 130, 80-94.
48. Gulick, V.C., 1998. Potential Mars Surveyor 2001 landing site near Apolinaris Cratera, Mars Surveyor 2001 landing site workshop, (Abstract).
49. Han, T.-M., Runnegar, B., 1992. Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257, 232-235.
50. Head III, J.W., Kreslavsky, M., Hiesinger, H., Pratt, S., 1999. Northern seas and oceans in the past history of Mars: new evidence fom Mars orbiter laser altimeter (MOLA) data. In: Thirtieth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI, Houston, p. 1352 (Abstact).
51. Helfer, H.L., 1990. Of Martian atmospheres, oceans and fossils. Icarus 87, 228-235.
52. Hofmann, B.A., Farmer, J.D., 1997. Microbial fossils from terrestrial subsurface hydrothermal environments: examples and implications for Mars. In: Clifford, S.M., Treiman, A.H., Newsom, H.E., Farmer, J.D. (Eds.), Conference on Early Mars: Geologic and Hydrologic Evolution, Physical and Chemical Environments, and the Implications for Life, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 40-41 LPI Contr. No. 916.
53. Holland, H.D., Beukes, N.J., 1990. A palaeoweathering profile from Griqualand West, South Africa: evidence for a dramatic rise in oxygen between 2.2 and 1.9 bybp. Amer. J. Science 290-A, 1-34.
54. Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T., Williams, S.T. (Eds.), 1994. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, USA.
55. Imbus, S.W., McKirdy, D.M., 1993. Organic geochemistry of Precambrian sedimentary rocks. In: Engel, M.H., Macko, S.A. (Eds.), Organic Geochemistry. Plenum, pp. 657-684.
56. Ivanov, B.A., 1988. Potential for searching for chemoautolithotrophic organisms on Mars. Presented at US-USSR Joint Working Group Meeting, Washington, DC, 17 September.
57. Jones, W.J., Leigh, J.A., Mayer, F., Woese, C.R., Wolfe, R.S., 1983. Methanococcus janneschii sp. Nov, an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine thermal vent. Arch. Microbiol. 136, 254-261.
58. 2 on Mars. Icarus 62, 175-190.
59. Kajander, E.O., Çiftçioglu, N., 1998. Nanobacteria: An alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra- and extracellular calcification and stone formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8274-8279.
60. Kanavarioti, A., Mancinelli, R.L., 1990. Could organic matterr have been preserved on Mars for 3.5 billion years? Icarus 84, 196-202.
61. Kargel, J.S., Strom, R.G., 1992. Ancient glaciation on Mars. Geology 20, 3-7.
62. 2 levels in the Earth's early atmosphere. Science 234, 1383-1385.
63. Kirkland, L.E., Herr, K.C., 1998. Implications of hydrous weathering product on Mars for future exploration. In: Workshop in the Issue Martian Meteorites: Where do we stand and where are we going?, LPI Contrib. No. 956, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 24-25.
64. Kissel, J., Krueger, F.R., 1987. The organic component in dust from comet Halley as measured by the PUMA mass spectrometer on board Vega 1. Nature 326, 755-757.
65. Klein, H.P., Lederberg, J., Rich, A., 1972. Biological experiments: the Viking Mars Lander. Icarus 16, 139-146.
66. Knoll, A.H., 1985. Exceptional preservation of photosynthetic organisms in silicified carbonates and silicified peats. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B311, 111-122.
67. Knoll, A.H., 1996. Archean and Proterozoic paleontology. In: Jansonius, J., McGregor, D.C. (Eds.), Palynology: Principles and Applications, Amer. Assoc. Stratigraphic Palynologists Found, vol. 1, pp. 51-80.
68. Kretzschmar, M., 1982. Fossile Pilze in Eisen-Stromatoliten von Warstein (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Facies 7, 237-260.
69. Kvenvolden, K., Lawless, J., Pering, K., Peterson, E., Flores, J., Ponnamperuma, C., Kaplan, I.R., Moore, C., 1970. Nature 228, 923-925.
70. Larralde, R., Robertson, M.P., Miller, S.L., 1995. Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: implications for chemical evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8158-8160.
71. Levin, G.V., 1997. The Viking labelled-release experiment and life on Mars. SPIE 3111, 146-157.
72. Levin, G.H., Levin, R.L., 1998. Liquid water and life on Mars. SPIE 3441, 30-41.
73. Levin, G.V., Straat, P.A., 1977. A reappraisal of life on Mars. In: Reiber, D.B. (Ed.), The NASA Mars Conference, San Diego: Sci and Tech. Ser., pp. 187-208.
74. Levin, G.V., Straat, P.A., 1981. Antarctic soil No. 726 and implications for the labelled-release experiment on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4663-4668.
75. Lowell, P., 1908. Mars as the Abode of Life. Macmillan, New York.
76. Maher, K.A., Stevenson, D.J., 1988. Impact frustration of the origin of life. Nature 331, 612-614.
77. Mancinelli, R.L., 1996. The search for nitrogen compounds in the surface of Mars. Adv. Space Res. 12 (12), 241-248.
78. Maniloff, J., 1997. Nanobacteria: size limits and evidence. Science 270, 1176.
79. Maurette, M., 1998. Carbonaceous micrometeorites and the origin of life. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 28, 385-412.
80. McKay, C.P., 1997. The search for life on Mars. Origins of Life Evol. Biosphere 27, 263-289.
81. McKay, C.P., Davis, W.L., 1991. The duration of liquid water habitats on early Mars. Icarus 90, 214.
82. McKay, D.S., Gibson Jr, E.K., Thomas-Keprta, K., Vali, H., Romanek, C.S., Clemett, S.J., et al., 1996. Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteroite ALH84001. Science 273, 924-930.
83. McKay, D.S., Wentworth, S.W., Thomas-Keprta, K., Westall, F., Gibson, E.K., 1999. Possible bacteria in Nakhla. In: Thirtieth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, p. 1816 (Abstract).
84. McSween, H.Y., et al., 1999. Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars pathfinder landing site. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8679-8715.
85. Melosh, H.J., 1988. The rocky road to panspermia. Nature 332, 687-688.
86. Melosh, H.J., Vickery, A.M., 1989. Impact erosion of the primordial Martian atmosphere. Nature 338, 487-489.
87. Mojzsis, S.J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K.D., Harrison, T.M., Nutman, A.P., Friend, C.R.L., 1996. Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384, 55-59.
88. Monty, C.L.V., Bosence, D.W.J., Bridges, P.H., Pratt, B.R., 1995. Carbonate Mud-Mounds: Their Origin and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford.
89. Moroz, V.I., Mukhin, L.M., 1977. Early evolutionary stages in the atmosphere and climate of the terrestrial planets. Cosmic. Res. 15, 769-791.
90. Mosangini, C., Komatsu, G., 1998. Geomorphology of Kasei valles and scale of flooding episodes. In: Twenty-nineth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference LPI, Houston, p. 1779 (Abstract).
91. Nealson, K.H., 1997. Nanobacteria: size limits and evidence. Science 270, 1176.
92. Nisbet, E.G., Fowler, C.M.R., 1996. Some liked it hot. Nature 382, 404-405.
93. Nisbet, E.G., Cann, J.R., Van Dover, C.L., 1995. Origins of photosynthesis. Nature 373, 479-480.
94. Norton, C.F., McGenity, D.J., Grant, W.D., 1993. Archeal halophiles (halobacteria) from two British salt mines. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 1077-1081.
95. Novistky, J.A., Morita, R.Y., 1977. Survival of a psychrophilic marine Vibrio under long-term nutrient starvation. Appl. Environ Microbiol. 33, 635-641.
96. O'Connor, B.W., Giessler, P.E., 1996. Martian evaporite deposits? A comparison of Viking 3-point spectra. Lunar and Planetary Science Abstract 27, 979-980.
97. Orgel, L.E., 1992. Molecular replication. Nature 358, 203-209.
98. Ori, G.G., Baliva, A., 1998. Lacustrine and fluvial sedimentary environments in Ismenius Lacus and Memnonia, Mars. In: Twenty-nineth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI, Houston, p. 1601 (Abstract).
99. Oró, J., 1961. Comets and the formation of biochemical compounds on the primitive Earth. Nature 190, 389-390.
100. Ostroumov, V., 1995. A physical and chemical characterization of Martian permafrost as a possible habitat for microorganisms. Adv. Space Res. 15 (3), 229-236.
101. 2 green-house to compensate for reduced solar luminosity on early Earth. Nature 277, 640-642.
102. Parker, T.J., Saunders, R.S., Schneeburger, D.M., 1989. Transitional morphology in the west Deuteronilus Menaes region of Mars; implications for the modification of lowland/upland boundaries. Icarus 82, 111-145.
103. Parker, T.J., Gorsline, D.S., Saunders, R.S., Pieri, D.C., Schneeberger, D.M., 1993. Coastal morphology of the Martian Northern Plains. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 11061-11078.
104. Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Bale, S.J., Getliff, J.M., Goodman, K., Rochelle, P.A., et al., 1994. Deep bacterial biosphere in Pacific Ocean sediments. Nature 371, 410-413.
105. Pelechaty, S.M., Grotzinger, J.P., 1988. Stromatolite bioherms of a 1.9 Ga foreland basin carbonate ramp, Beechey Formation, Kilohigok Basin, Northwset Territories. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 13, 93-104.
106. Pierson, B.K., Mitchell, H.K., Ruff-Roberts, A.L., 1993. Chloroflexus aurantarcticus and ultraviolet radiation: Implications for Archean shallow-water stromatolites. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 23, 243-260.
107. Pollack, J.B., Kasting, J.F., Richardson, S.M., Poliakoff, K., 1987. The case for a wet, warm climate on early Mars. Icarus 71, 203-224.
108. Rasmussen, K.A., Macintyre, I.G., Prufert, L., 1993. Modern stromatolitic reefs fringing a brackish coastline, Chetumal Bay, Belize. Geology 21, 199-202.
109. 13C-depleted carbon microparticles in > 3700-Ma seafloor sedimentary rocks from West Greenland. Science 283, 674-676.
110. Roten, C.-A., Gallusser, A., Borruat, G.D., Udry, S.D., Karamata, D., 1998. Impact resistence of bacteria entrapped in small meteorites. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 86, 1-17.
111. Rothschild, L.J., 1990. Earth analogs for Martian life. Microbes in evaporites, a new model system for life on Mars. Icarus 88, 246-260.
112. Rothschild, L.J., 1995. A "cryptic" microbial mats: a new model ecosystem for extant life on Mars. Adv. Space Res. 15, 223-228.
113. Rummel, J.D., 1989. Planetary protection policy overview and application to future missions. Adv. Space Res. 9 (6), 181-184.
114. Russell, M.J., Hall, A.J., 1997. The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 154, 377-402.
115. Sagan, C.A., Mullen, G., 1972. Earth and Mars: evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 177, 52-56.
116. Schiapparelli, G.V., 1898. Osservazioni astronomoche e fisiche sull'asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del planete Marte. Atti della royale Academia dei Lincei, Mem. 1, ser. 3 2, 308-439.
117. Schidlowski, M., Hayes, J.M., Kaplan, I.R., 1983. Isotopic inferences of ancient biochemistries: carbon, sulfur, hydrogen and nitrogen. In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, pp. 149-186.
118. Schidlowski, M., 1983. Evolution of photoautotrophy and early atmospheric oxygen levels. Precamb. Res. 20, 319-335.
119. Schidlowski, M., 1988. A 3,800-million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature 333, 313-318.
120. Schopf, J.W., 1993. Microfossils in the Early Archean Apex Chert: new evidence for the antiquity of life. Science 165, 508-512.
121. Schopf, J.W., 1998. Tracing the roots of the universal tree of life. In: Brack, A. (Ed.), The Molecular Origins of Life: Assembling Pieces of the puzzle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 336-362.
122. Schopf, J.W., Walter, M.R., 1983. Archean microfossils: new evidence of ancient microbes. In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, pp. 214-239.
123. Sleep, N.H., 1994. Martian plate tectonics. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 5639.
124. Southgate, P.N., 1986. Cambrian phosphate profiles, coated grains, and microbial proceses in phosphogenesis: Georgina Basin, Australia. J. Sedimentol. Petrol. 56, 429-441.
125. Sparks, N.H.C., Mann, S., Bazylinski, D.A., Loveley, D.R., Jannash, H.W., Frankel, R.B., 1990. Structure and morphology of magnetite anaerobically-produced by a marine magnetotactic bacterium and a dissimilatory iron-producing bacterium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 98, 14.
126. Space Studies Board, 1992. Biological Contamination of Mars, Issues and Recommendations. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
127. Steele, A., Westall, F., Goddard, D.T., Stapleton, D., Toporski, J.K.W., McKay, D.S., 1999. Imaging of the biological contamination of meteorites: a practical assessment. In: Thirtieth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, p. 1321 (Abstract).
128. Stetter, K.O., 1996. Hyperthermophiles in the history of life. In Bock G.R., Goode J.A. (Eds.), Evolution of hydrothermal ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?) Ciba Foundation Symposium, 202, pp. 1-10.
129. Stetter, K.O., 1998. Hyperthermophiles and their possible role as ancestors of modern life. In: Brack, A. (Ed.), The Molecular Origins of Life: Assembling Pieces of the Puzzle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 315-335.
130. Stevens, T.O., McKinley, J.P., 1995. Geochemically-produced hydrogen supports microbial ecosystems in deep basalt aquifers. Science 270, 450-454.
131. Strauss, H., 1993. Geochemische und isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen zum Schwefelkreislauf in Präkambrischen Sedimenten. Habilitationsschrift, Ruhr-Univ, Bochum, p. 230.
132. Strauss, H., 1997. The isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur through time. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 132, 97-118.
133. Summons, R.E., Jahnke, L.L., Hope, J.M., Logan, G.A., 1999. 2-Methylhopenoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis. Nature 400, 554-557.
134. Thomas, N., Markiewicz, W.J., Sablotny, R.M., Wuttke, M.W., Keller, H.U., Johnson, J.R., Reid, R.J., Smith, P.H., 1999. The color of the Martian sky and its influence on the illumination of the Martian surface. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8795.
135. Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Bazilinski, D.A., Golden, D.C., Wentworth, S.J., Gibson Jr, E.K., McKay, D.S., 1998a. Magnetite from ALH84001 carbonate globules: evidence of biogenic signatures? In: Twenty-nineth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston (Abstract).
136. Thomas-Keprta, K.L., McKay, D.S., Wentworth, S.J., Stevens, T.O., Taunton, A.E., Allen, C.C., et al., 1998b. Bacterial mineralisation patterns in basaltic aquifers: implications for possible life in Martian meteorite ALH84001. Geology 26, 1031-1034.
137. Uwins, P.J.R., Webb, R.I., Taylor, A.P., 1998. Novel nanoorganisms from Australian sandstones. Am. Mineral. 83, 1541-1550.
138. Wächtershäuser, G., 1988. Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism. Microbiol. Rev. 52, 452-484.
139. Walter, M.J., 1976. Stromatolites. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
140. Walter, M.J., 1983. Archean stromatolites: evidence of Earth's earliest benthos. In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, pp. 187-213.
141. Walter, M.R., Des Marais, D.J., 1993. Preservation of biological information in thermal spring deposits: developing a strategy for the search for fossil life on Mars. Icarus 101, 129-143.
142. Watanabe, Y., Naraoka, H., Wronkiewicz, D.J., Condie, K.C., Ohmoto, H., 1997. Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur geochemistry of Archean and Proterozoic shales from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Geochim., Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3441-3459.
143. Westall, F., Boni, L., Guerzoni, M.E., 1995. The silicification of microorganisms. Palaeontology 38, 495-528.
144. Westall, F., 1999. The nature of fossil bacteria: implications for the search for extraterrestrial life. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 107, 16437-16451.
145. Westall, F., de Wit, M., Dann, J., van der Gaast, S., Gerneke, D., 1999. Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally-influenced sediments from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Precamb. Res., in press.
146. Williams, L.A., Reimers, C., 1983. Role of bacterial mats in oxygen deficient marine basins and coastal upwelling regimes: preliminary report. Geology 11, 267-269.
147. Wright, I.P., Grady, M.M., Pillinger, C.T., 1989. Organic materials in a Martian meteorite. Nature 340, 220-222.
148. 14C and amino acids in Martian meteorites. In: Twenty-nineth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI, Houston, p. 1594 (Abstract).
149. Woese, C.R., 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 51, 221-271.
150. Zent, A.P., 1998. On the thickness of the oxidised layer of the Martian regolith. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 103 (31), 491-498.