Silica-based Ziegler-Natta catalysts: A patent review

Catalysis Reviews - Science and Engineering

Volumn 41, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 389-428

  Pullukat, Thomas J ^a   Hoff, Raymond E ^a  

^a PQ CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Polyolefins; Silica; Transition metals; Ziegler Natta catalysts

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000251048     PISSN: 01614940     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CR-100101172     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. J. P. Hogan and R.L. Banks, United States patent 2,825,721, to Phillips Petroleum Company (March 4, 1958).
2. (a) J. P. Hogan, J. Polym, Sci. A-1, 8, 2637 (1970);
3. (b) M. P. McDaniel, in Transition Metal Catalyzed Polymerizations, Alkenes and Dienes (R. P. Quirk, ed.), Harwood Academic Publishers, London, 1983, p. 713.
4. M. P. McDaniel, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 19, 1967 (1981).
5. J. P. Hogan and A. G. Kitchen, United States patent 3,225,023, to Phillips Petroleum Company (Dec. 21, 1965).
6. T. J. Pullukat and M. Shida, United States patent 3,780,011, to Chemplex Company (Dec. 18, 1973).
7. T. J. Pullukat, M. Shida, and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,173,548, to Chemplex Company (Nov. 6, 1979).
8. T. J. Pullukat and M. Shida, United States patent 4,284,527, to Chemplex Company (Aug. 18, 1981).
9. (a) K. Ziegler, E. Holzkamp, H. Breil, and H. Martin, Angew. Chem., 67, 541 (1955);
10. (b) K. Ziegler, H. Breil, E. Holzkamp, and H. Martin, United States patent 3,257,332 (June 21, 1966).
11. H. R. Sailors and J. P. Hogan, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem., A15, 1375 (1981).
12. (a) E. Tornqvist and A. W. Langer, Jr., United States patent 3,130,003, to Esso Research & Engineering Co. (April 21, 1964);
13. (b) L. Luciani and G. Corsi, United States patent 3,451,768, to Montecatini Edison S.p.A. (June 24, 1969);
14. (c) E. J. Vandenberg, in History of Polyolefins (R. B. Seymour and T. Cheng, eds.), D. Reidel, Boston, 1986, pp. 87-101.
15. J. P. Hermans and P. Henrioulle, United States patent 4,210,738, to Solvay & Cie (July 1, 1980).
16. A. Orzechowski and J. C. MacKenzie, United States patent 3,166,542, to Cabot Corporation (Jan. 19, 1965);
17. (b) A. Orzechowski and J. C. MacKenzie, United States patent 3,166,544, to Cabot Corporation (Jan. 19,1965);
18. (c) V. D. Aftandilian, United States patent 3,285,891, to Cabot Corporation (Nov. 15, 1966);
19. (d) A. Orzechowski and J. C. MacKenzie, United States patent 3,326,877, to Cabot Corporation (June 20, 1967).
20. A. Delbouille, Y. Gobillon, and J. Stevens, United States patent 3,663,660, to Solvay & Cie (May 16, 1972).
21. B. Diedrich and K. D. Keil, United States patent 3,644,318, to Hoechst A. G. (Feb. 22, 1972).
22. N. Kashiwa, T. Tokuzumi, and H. Fujimura, United States patent 3,642,746, to Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. (Feb. 15, 1972).
23. U. Giannini, E. Albizzati, S. Parodi, and N. Pironeli, United States patent 4,124,532, to Montedison S.p.A. (Nov. 7, 1978).
24. L. Luciani, N. Kashiwa, P. C. Barbe, and A. Toyota, United States patent 4,226, 741, to Montedison, S.p.A., and Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. (Oct. 7, 1980).
25. U. Giannini, A. Cassata, P. Longi, and R. Mazzocchi, United States patent 4,107,413, to Montedison, S.p.A. (Aug. 15, 1978).
26. E. J. Vandenberg, United States patent 3,058,963, to Hercules Inc. (Oct. 16, 1962).
27. J. Stevens and M. George, United States patent 3,787,384, to Solvay & Cie (Jan. 22, 1974).
28. M. Shida, T. J. Pullukat, and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,263,171, to Chemplex Company (April 21, 1981).
29. (a) T. J. Pullukat and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,374,753, to Chemplex Company (Feb. 22, 1983);
30. (b) R. E Hoff, United States patent 4,402,861, to Chemplex Company (Sept. 6, 1983);
31. (c) T. J. Pullukat and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,478,988, to Chemplex Company (Oct. 23, 1984).
32. (a) T. J. Pullukat and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,530,912, to Chemplex Company (July 23, 1985);
33. (b) T. J. Pullukat and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,530,913, to Chemplex Company (July 23, 1985);
34. (c) T. J. Pullukat and R. E. Hoff, United States patent 4,578,440, to Norchem, Inc. (Mar. 25, 1986).
35. M. W. Lynch and T. J. Pullukat, United States patent 4,510,299, to Chemplex Company (April 9, 1985).
36. G. Natta, G. Mazzanti, A. Valvassori, G. Sartori, and V. Turba, United States patent 3,301,833, to Montecatini Edison S.p.A. (Jan. 31, 1967).
37. M. Shiga and Y. Fujikake, United States patent 3,288,768, to Chisso Corporation (Nov. 29, 1966).
38. I. J. Gardner and C. Cozewith, United States patent 3,718,632, to Esso Research and Engineering Company (Feb. 27, 1973).
39. D. L. Christman, United States patent 3,301,834, to Hercules, Inc. (Jan. 31, 1967).
40. K. Nakaguchi, M. Hirooka, and T. Fujita, United States patent 3,328,366, to Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd (June 27, 1967).
41. A. Gumboldt, E. Junghanns, G. Schleitzer, and H. D. Stemmer, United States patent 3,349,064, to Hercules, Inc. (Oct. 24, 1967).
42. H. Emde, K. Benedikter, and P. Hegenberg, United States patent 3,622,548, to Chemische Werke Huels A.G. (Nov. 23, 1971).
43. R. K. Iller, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.
44. H. E. Bergna (ed.), The Colloid Chemistry of Silica, Advances in Chemistry Series 234, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994.
45. E. F. Vansant, P. Van Der Voort, and K. C. Vrancken, Characterization and Chemical Modification of Silica, Elsevier, New York, 1995.
46. (a) M. McDaniel and M. Johnson, United States patent 4,364,842, to Phillips Petroleum Company (Dec. 21, 1982);
47. (b) M. McDaniel and M. Johnson, United States patent 4,364,854, to Phillips Petroleum Company (Dec. 21, 1982).
48. R. K. Her, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, Chap. 3.
49. R. K. Her, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, p. 481.
50. R. K. Her, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, p. 537.
51. (a) J. H. Krekeler, W. Kirch, and H. A. Aboutboul, United States patent 3,801,705, to National Petro Chemicals Corp. (April 2, 1974);
52. (b) D. R. Witt, United States patent 3,862,104, to Phillips Petroleum Company (Jan. 21, 1975);
53. (c) R. E. Dietz and J. A. Delap, United States patent 3,890,249, to Phillips Petroleum Company (June 17, 1975).
54. R. K. Her, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Sur-face Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, p. 465.
55. E. F. Vansant, P. Van Der Voort, and K. C. Vrancken, Characterization and Chemical Modification of Silica, Elsevier, New York, 1995, Chaps. 3 and 4.
56. R. K. Her, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, Chap. 6.
57. J. Kratochvila, Z. Salajka, A. Kazda, Z. Kadlc, and M. Gheorghiu, J. Catal., 121, 219 (1990).
58. C. J. Glinka, L. C. Sander. S. A. Wise, M. L. Hunnicutt, and C. H. Lochmuller, Anal. Chem., 57, 2079 (1985).
59. B. A. Morrow and A. J. McFarlan, in The Colloid Chemistry of Silica (H. E. Bergna, ed.), Advances in Chemistry Series 234, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 183.
60. (a) D. W. Sinndorf and G. E. Maciel, J. Phys. Chem., 86, 5208 (1982);
61. (b) D. W. Sindorf and G. E. Maciel, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 5516 (1983).
62. (a) S. Haukka, E. L. Lakomaa, and A. Root, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 5085 (1993);
63. (b) S. Haukka and A. Root, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 1695 (1994).
64. R. K. Her, The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979, p. 633.
65. E. F. Vansant, P. Van Der Voort, and K. C. Vrancken, Characterization and Chemical Modification of Silica, Elsevier, New York, 1995 Chap. 4.
66. J. B. Kinney and R. H. Staley, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3735 (1983).
67. W. Hertl and M. L. Hair, J. Phys. Chem., 75, 2181 (1971).
68. J. J. Fripiat and J. Uytterhoeven, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 800 (1962).
69. (a) S. Kondo, E. Amano, and M. Kurimoto, Pure Appl. Chem., 61, 1897 (1989);
70. (b) M. Uddin, K. Hidajat, and C. B. Ching, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 647 (1990);
71. (c) C. H. Tsai, F. E. Massoth, S. Y. Lee, and J. D. Seader, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 30, 22 (1991);
72. (d) A. V. Neimark, L. I. Kheifez, and V. B. Fenelonov, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 20, 439 (1981).
73. W. Strobel and R. Franke, United States patent 4,148,754, to Hoechst A.G. (April 10, 1979).
74. M. P. McDaniel, J. Phys. Chem., 85, 532 (1981).
75. T. J. Pullukat, R. S. Shinomoto, and C. A. Gillings, United States patent 5,723,402, to PQ Corporation (March 3, 1998).
76. T. E. Nowlin and K. P. Wagner, United States patent 4,481,301, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Nov. 6, 1984).
77. R. O. Hagerty, I. B. Petsche, and K. G. Schurzky, United States patent 4,562,169, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Dec. 31, 1985).
78. J. E. Cook, T. J. Giacobbe, and R. O. Hagerty, United States patent 4,568,658, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Feb. 4, 1986).
79. T. E. Nowlin and K. P. Wagner, United States patent 4,605,638, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Aug. 12, 1986).
80. T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 4,618,662, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Oct. 21, 1986).
81. R. O. Hagerty, I. B. Petsche, and K. G. Schurzky, United States patent 4,634,752, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Jan. 6, 1987).
82. J. E. Cook., T. J. Giacobbe, and R. O. Hagerty, United States patent 4,675,369, to Mobil Oil Corporation (June 23, 1987).
83. L. M. Allen, R. O. Hagerty, and R. O. Mohring, United States patent 4,732,882, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Mar. 22, 1988).
84. A. B. Furtek, United States patent 4,769,429, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Sept. 6, 1988).
85. T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 4,833,111, to Mobil Oil Corporation (May 23, 1989).
86. T. E. Nowlin and K. G. Schurzky, United States patent 4,849,389, to Mobil Oil Corporation (July 18, 1989).
87. T. E. Nowlin and K. G. Schurzky, United States patent 4,954,470, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Sept. 4, 1990).
88. A. B. Furtek, United States patent 4,983,694, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Jan. 8, 1991).
89. T. E. Nowlin and K. P. Wagner, United States patent 5,025,072, to Mobil Oil Corporation (June 18, 1991).
90. L. M. Allen, R. O. Hagerty, and R. O. Mohring, United States patent 5,055,533, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Oct. 8, 1991).
91. T. E. Nowlin and K. G. Schurzky, United States patent 5,093,443, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Mar. 3, 1992).
92. P. J. Cook, R. O. Hagerty, P. K. Husby, and T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 5,139,986, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Aug. 18, 1992).
93. R. I. Mink and T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 5,470,812, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Nov. 28, 1995).
94. R. O. Hagerty, P. K. Husby, Y. V. Kissin, R. I. Mink, and T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 5,514,583, to Mobil Oil Corporation (May 7, 1996).
95. R. O. Hagerty, P. K. Husby, Y. V. Kissin, R. I. Mink, and T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 5,693,583, to Mobil Oil Corporation (May 7, 1996).
96. F. J. Karol, G. L. Goeke, B. E. Wagner, W. A. Fraser, R. J. Jorgensen, and N. Friis, United States patent 4,302,566, to Union Carbide Corporation (Nov. 24, 1981).
97. R. Menon, A. P. Masino, and M. K. Reinking, United States patent 5,344,803, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Sept. 6, 1994).
98. B. H. Johnson, United States patent 4,451,574, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (May 29, 1984).
99. B. P. Etherton and A. D. Hamer, United States patent 4,508,843, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (April 2, 1985).
100. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,564,606, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 14, 1986).
101. B. P. Etherton, United States patent 4,565,796, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 21, 1986).
102. B. P. Etherton and M. J. Kaus, United States patent 4,565,797, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 21, 1986).
103. V. Graves, United States patent 4,578,373, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Mar. 25, 1986).
104. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,579,835, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (April 1, 1986).
105. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,607,019, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Aug. 19, 1986).
106. V. Graves, United States patent 4,618,660, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Oct. 21, 1986).
107. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,626,520, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Dec. 2, 1986).
108. B. P. Etherton and M. J. Kaus, United States patent 4,634,746, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 6, 1987).
109. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,634,747, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 6, 1987).
110. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,634,748, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 6, 1987).
111. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,634,749, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 6, 1987).
112. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,639,428, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Jan. 27, 1987).
113. A. K. Agapiou, M. E. Muhle, and M. B. Kurtzman, United States patent 4,701,506, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Oct. 20, 1987).
114. B. H. Johnson, United States patent 4,707,530, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Nov. 17, 1987).
115. A. N. Speca, United States patent 4,711,865, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Dec. 8, 1987).
116. S. A. Best, B. P. Etherton, and M. J. Kaus, United States patent 4,766,100, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Aug. 23, 1988).
117. S. A. Best, B. P. Etherton, and M. J. Kaus, to Exxon Research & Engineering Co. (Sept. 12, 1989).
118. M. Chang, United States patent 4,935,394, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (June 19, 1990).
119. M. Chang, United States patent 4,935,397, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (June 19, 1990).
120. M. Chang, United States patent 5,064,798, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Nov. 12, 1991).
121. A. N. Speca, United States patent 4,981,826, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Jan. 1, 1991).
122. L. Luciani, F. Milani, R. Invernizzi, and M. Pondrelli, United States patent 5,298,474, to ECP Enichem Polimeri S.r.1. (March 29, 1994).
123. L. Luciani, M. Pondrelli, R. Invernizzi, and I. Borghi, United States patent 5,521,135, to ECP Enichem Polimeri S.r.1. (May 28, 1996).
124. C. Chamla and E. Daire, United States patent 5,124,296, to BP Chemicals Limited (June 23, 1992).
125. M. Kioka, K. Kawakita, and A. Toyota, United States patent 5,155,078, to Mitsui Petrochemical Industries (Oct. 13, 1992).
126. B. Wagner, G.L. Goeke, and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,303,771, to Union Carbide Corp. (Dec. 1, 1981).
127. R. J. Jorgensen, G. L. Goeke, and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,349,648, to Union Carbide Corp. (Sept. 14, 1982).
128. G. L. Goeke, B. E. Wagner, and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,354,009, to Union Carbide Corp. (Oct. 12, 1982).
129. K. F. George, United States patent 4,370,456, to Union Carbide Corp. (Jan. 25, 1983).
130. B. E. Wagner, G. L. Goeke, F. J. Karol, and K. F. George, United States patent 4,379,758, to Union Carbide Corp. (April 12, 1983).
131. G. L. Goeke, B. E. Wagner, and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,383,095, to Union Carbide Corp. (May 10, 1983).
132. K. H. Lee and G. S. Cieloszyk, United States patent 4,405,495, to Union Carbide Corp. (Sept. 20, 1983).
133. D. L. Miles, F. J. Karol, G. L. Goeke, and B. E. Wagner, United States patent 4,427,573, to Union Carbide Corp. (Jan. 24, 1984).
134. A. Noshay, F. J. Karol, and R. J. Jorgensen, United States patent 4,482,687, to Union Carbide Corp. (Nov. 13, 1984).
135. K. H. Lee and G. S. Cieloszyk, United States patent 4,521,573, to Union Carbide Corp. (June 4, 1985).
136. B. E. Wagner, F. J. Karol, G. L. Goeke, R. J. Jorgensen, and N. Friis, United States patent 4,684,703, to Union Carbide Corp. (Aug. 4, 1987).
137. I. J. Levine and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,719,193, to Union Carbide Corporation (Jan. 12, 1988).
138. M. T. Zoeckler and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,810,761, Union Carbide Corp. (Mar. 7, 1989).
139. S.-C. Kao and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,886,771, to Union Carbide Corp. (Dec. 12, 1989).
140. S.-C. Kao, K. J. Cann, F. J. Karol, A. E. Marcinkowsky, M. G. Goode, and E. H. Theobald, United States patent 4,923,938, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. (May 8, 1990).
141. A. Kostiainen, B. Gustafsson, and P. Sormunen, United States patent 5,413,979, to Borealis Holdings A/S (May 9, 1995).
142. B. Gustafsson, A. Kostiainen, and P. Sormunen, United States patent 5,480,849, to Borealis Holdings A/S (Jan. 2, 1996).
143. P. Pino and R. Mulhaupt, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 79, 857 (1980).
144. T. Keii, E. Suzuki, M. Tamura, and Y. Doi, in Transition Metal Catalyzed Polymerizations, Alkenes and Dienes (R. P. Quirk, ed.), Harwood Academic Publishers, London, 1983, p. 97.
145. (a) M. P. Rochefort and P. D. Gavens, United States patent 4,263,168, to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (April 21, 1981);
146. (b) A. D. Gaunt and P. D. Gavens, United States patent 4,301,029, to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (Nov. 17, 1981);
147. (c) P. D. Gavens and M. P. Rochefort, United States patent 4,329,252, to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (May 11, 1982).
148. J. Kelland, United States patent 5,102,964, to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (April 7, 1992).
149. C. K. Buehler, A. P. Masino, and R. Menon, United States patent 5,275,991, to Quantum Chemical Company (Jan. 4, 1994).
150. C. K. Buehler, R. W. Fries, and T. J. Pullukat, United States patent 4,950,631, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Aug. 21, 1990).
151. C. K. Buehler and A. P. Masino, United States patent 5,034,365, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (July 23, 1991).
152. C. C. Meverden and T. J. Pullukat, United States patent 5,036,147, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (July 30, 1991).
153. C. K. Buehler, R. W. Fries, and T. J. Pullukat, United States patent 5,098,969, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Mar. 24, 1992).
154. A. P. Masino, United States patent 5,126,302, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (June 30, 1992).
155. C. K. Buehler, R. W. Fries, and T. J. Pullukat, United States patent 5,143,883, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Sept. 1, 1992).
156. C. K. Buehler and A. P. Masino, United States patent 5,145,821, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Sept. 8, 1992).
157. C. K. Buehler and A. P. Masino, United States patent 5,232,998, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Aug. 3, 1993).
158. C. K. Buehler, United States patent 5,424,263, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (June 13, 1995).
159. C. K. Buehler and A. P. Masino, United States patent 5,610,246, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (March 11, 1997).
160. R. Zolk, J. Kerth, and R. Hemmerich, United States patent 4,857,613, to BASF (Aug. 15, 1989).
161. P. Koelle and J. Kerth, United States patent 5,081,088, to BASF (Jan. 14, 1992).
162. J. Kerth, R. Zolk, and R. Hemmerich, United States patent 5,162,465, to BASF (Nov. 10, 1992).
163. J. Kerth, R. Hemmerich, P. Koelle, and P. Mueller, United States patent 5,288,824, to BASF (Feb. 22, 1994).
164. M. R. Ort, United States patent 3,784,539, to Monsanto Company (Jan. 8, 1974).
165. M. R. Ort, United States patent 3,956,255, to Monsanto Company (May 11, 1976).
166. M. R. Ort, United States patent 4,232,140, to Cities Service Co. (Nov. 4, 1980).
167. P. V. Roling, R. L. Veazey, and D. E. Aylward, United States patent 4,434,242, to Cities Service Co. (Feb. 28, 1984).
168. B. T. Pennington, P. V. Rolling, and J. T. Hsieh, United States patent 4,435,518, to Cities Service Co. (Mar. 6, 1984).
169. R. L. Veazey and B. T. Pennington, United States patent 4,435,519, to Cities Service Co. (Mar. 6, 1984).
170. D. E. Aylward, United States patent 4,435,520, to Cities Service Co. (Mar. 6, 1984).
171. D. L. Beran, K. J. Cann, R. J. Jorgensen, F. J. Karol, N. J. Maraschin, and A. E. Marcinkowsky, United States patent 4,508,842, to Union Carbide Corporation (April 2, 1985).
172. M. T. Zoeckler and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,812,432, to Union Carbide Corporation (Mar. 14, 1989).
173. S. C. Kao, K. J. Cann, F. J. Karol, A. E. Marcinkowsky, M. G. Goode, and E. H. Theobald, United States patent 4,845,067, to Union Carbide Corporation (July 4, 1989).
174. F. J. Karol and S. -C. Kao, United States patent 5,034,366, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation (July 23, 1991).
175. K. J. Cann, United States patent 5,096,869, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation (Mar. 17, 1992).
176. E. H. Theobald, United States patent 5,055,534, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation (Oct. 8, 1991).
177. K. J. Cann, F. J. Karol, and A. E. Marcinkowsky, United States patent 5,070,057, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation (Dec. 3, 1991).
178. P. T. Daniell, W. D. Heitz, T. E. Spriggs, T. J. McNeil, and K. J. Cann, United States patent 5,371,145, to Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation (Dec. 6, 1994).
179. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,578,374, to Exxon Research & Engineering Company (Mar. 25, 1986).
180. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,579,834, to Exxon Research & Engineering Company (April 1, 1986).
181. S. A. Best, United States patent 4,954,471, to Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc. (Sept. 4, 1990).
182. S. A. Best, United States patent 5,013,803, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (May 7, 1991).
183. A. N. Speca, United States patent 5,064,796, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Nov. 12, 1991).
184. M. Chang, United States patent 4,904,631, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Feb. 27, 1990).
185. C.-I. Kuo and M. W. Lynch, United States patent 5,204,304, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (April 20, 1993).
186. L. N. Winslow, D. D. Klendworth, R. Menon, M. W. Lynch, G. L. Fields, and K. W. Johnson, United States patent 5,534,472, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (July 9, 1996).
187. L. N. Winslow and R. K. Menon, United States patent 5,670,439, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Sept. 23, 1997).
188. R. Menon, A. P. Masino, and M. K. Reinking, United States patent 5,334,567, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Aug. 2, 1994).
189. T. J. Burkhardt and W. B. Brandley, United States patent 5,002,916, to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. (Mar. 26, 1991).
190. D. B. Ludlum, United States patent 3,308,112, to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (Mar. 7, 1967).
191. J. M. Altemore and M. R. Ort, United States patent 3,899,477, to Monsanto Co. (Aug. 12, 1975).
192. M. B. Welch and D. R. Fahey, United States patent 4,199,475, to Phillips Petroleum Co. (April 22, 1980).
193. J. G. Speakman and N. P. Wilkinson, United States patent 4,333,851, to BP Chemicals Limited (June 8, 1982).
194. A. Johnstone, United States patent 4,383,939, to BP Chemicals Limited (May 17, 1983).
195. R. Sabia, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 7, 347 (1963).
196. L. Spencer and B. W. S. Kolthammer, United States patent 5,420,090, to The Dow Chemical Company (May 30, 1995).
197. L. Spencer, B. W. S. Kolthammer, M. P. Ripplinger, J. J. Wooster, P. W. S. Chum, and J. A. deGroot, United States patent 5,487,938, to The Dow Chemical Company (Jan. 30, 1996).
198. R. Bachl, G. Funk, K. Richter, R. Hemmerich, and R. Saive, United States patent 4,831,090, to BASF A.G. (May 16, 1989).
199. R. Bachl, V. Warzelhan, G. Schweier, H. Gropper, and W. Ball, United States patent 4,710,552, to BASF A.G. (Dec. 1, 1987).
200. R. Bachl, G. Funk, K. Richter, R. Hemmerich, and R. Saive, United States patent 4,831,090, to BASF A.G. (May 16, 1989).
201. U. Bueschges, R. Saive and G. Follmer, United States patent 5,143,881, to BASF A.G. (Sept. 1, 1992).
202. U. Bueschges and R. Saive, United States patent 5,143,882, to BASF A.G. (Sept. 1, 1992).
203. N. D. Miro, United States patent 4,831,000, to Mobil Oil Corporation (May 16, 1989).
204. N. D. Miro, United States patent 4,912,074, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Mar. 27, 1990).
205. N. D. Miro, United States patent 5,006,618, to Mobil Oil Corporation (April 9, 1991).
206. N. D. Miro and T. E. Nowlin, United States patent 5,034,483, to Mobil Oil Corporation (July 23, 1991).
207. N. D. Miro, United States patent 5,075,271, to Mobil Oil Corporation (Dec. 24, 1991).
208. S.-B. Samuels and F. J. Karol, United States patent 4,918,038, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. (April 17, 1990).
209. K. D. Schramm and F. J. Karol, United States patent 5,070,055, to Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation (Dec. 3, 1991).
210. L. V. Cribbs and M. W. Lynch, United States patent 5,155,079, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Oct. 13, 1992).
211. C. K. Buehler and D. D. Klendworth, United States patent 5,051,388, to Quantum Chemical Corporation (Sept. 24, 1991).