The age of greenwashing

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1996, Pages

  Athanasiou, Tom ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0000249383     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455759609358660     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. O'Dwyer's PR Services, April 1995, quoted in Joel Bleifuss, "Covering the Earth with 'Green PR,'" PR Watch: Special Earth Day 25th Anniversary Issue, First Quarter, 1995 (Center for Media and Democarcy, 3318 Gregory Street, Madison WI, 53711).
2. Dorothy Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: Freeman, 1987), p. 144.
3. Mark Dowie, "Could PR Have Saved Exxon's Image?" San Francisco Weekly, February 20,1991, p. 9.
4. Bill Walker, "Green Like Me," Greenpeace Magazine, May/June, 1991.
5. Bleifuss, op. cit., p. 3. Also, John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, Toxic Sludge is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies, and the Public Relations Industry (Center for Media and Democarcy, 3318 Gregory Street, Madison WI, 53711, 1995).
6. Bleifuss, op. cit., p. 3. Also, John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, Toxic Sludge is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies, and the Public Relations Industry (Center for Media and Democarcy, 3318 Gregory Street, Madison WI, 53711, 1995).
7. David Kirkpatrick, "Environmentalism: The New Crusade," Fortune Magazine, February 12,1990, p. 52.
8. Charles Lewis and Margaret Ebrahim, "Can Mexico and Big Business USA Buy NAFTA?" The Nation, June 14, 1993, p. 839.
9. Joan Hamilton, "Saving Energy for Fanfare and Profit," Sierra Magazine, September/October, 1991, p. 36.
10. Philip M. Klasky, "Countdown to Contamination," San Francisco Examiner, October 28, 1992, p. A19, and Bill Walker, "Greenwashing America," SF Weekly, November 6, 1991, p. 17.
11. Philip M. Klasky, "Countdown to Contamination," San Francisco Examiner, October 28, 1992, p. A19, and Bill Walker, "Greenwashing America," SF Weekly, November 6, 1991, p. 17.
12. Joel S. Hirschhorn and Kristen U. Oldenburg, Prosperity Without Pollution: The Prevention Strategy for industry and Consumers (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991).
13. Peter Schwartz, speaking at 1991's ECO/TECH conference in Monterey, California.
14. Outfront, Mother Jones, November/December, 1992, p. 16.
15. Hardin Tibbs, "Industrial Ecology: An Environmental Agenda for Industry" (Global Business Network, 5900-X Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608), 1993, pp. 5, 22. For more of this sort of optimism, see Christopher Flavin and John E. Young, "Shaping the Next Industrial Revolution," State of The World: 1993 (New York: Norton, 1993), p. 180.
16. Hardin Tibbs, "Industrial Ecology: An Environmental Agenda for Industry" (Global Business Network, 5900-X Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608), 1993, pp. 5, 22. For more of this sort of optimism, see Christopher Flavin and John E. Young, "Shaping the Next Industrial Revolution," State of The World: 1993 (New York: Norton, 1993), p. 180.
17. Jim Donahue, "Mischief, Misdeeds & Mendacity: The Real 3M," Multinational Monitor, May, 1991, p. 29. See also Peter Sinsheimer and Robert Gottlieb, "Pollution Prevention Voluntarism: The Example of 3M," in Robert Gottlieb, ed., Reducing Toxics: A New Approach to Policy and Industry Decision Making (Washington: Island Press, 1995).
18. Jim Donahue, "Mischief, Misdeeds & Mendacity: The Real 3M," Multinational Monitor, May, 1991, p. 29. See also Peter Sinsheimer and Robert Gottlieb, "Pollution Prevention Voluntarism: The Example of 3M," in Robert Gottlieb, ed., Reducing Toxics: A New Approach to Policy and Industry Decision Making (Washington: Island Press, 1995).
19. See Barry Commoner, Making Peace with the Planet (New York: Pantheon, 1990). See also "Why We Have Failed," Greenpeace, September/October, 1989, pp. 12-13.
20. See Barry Commoner, Making Peace with the Planet (New York: Pantheon, 1990). See also "Why We Have Failed," Greenpeace, September/October, 1989, pp. 12-13.
21. John Holusha, "Hutchinson No Longer Holds its Nose," The New York Times, February 3, 1991.
22. Hirschhorn and Oldenburg, op. cit., 1991.
23. Donahue, op. cit., p. 30.
24. Dick Russell and Owen deLong, "Can Business Save the Environment?" E Magazine, November/December, 1991, p. 35.
25. Marcy Darnovsky, The Greens Go to Market: Environmentalist Confront Consumer Culture, Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1995.
26. Barry Commoner, author's interview, March 3, 1993.
27. Mike Kieschnick at ECO/TECH 1991. See also Paul Rauber, "The Stockholder's Smile," Sierra, July/August, 1990, p. 18, and Mark Dowie, "Clean, Green and Guilt-Free Funds," The Nation, April 26, 1993, p. 550, as well as the letters that followed (The Nation, June 21, 1993).
28. Mike Kieschnick at ECO/TECH 1991. See also Paul Rauber, "The Stockholder's Smile," Sierra, July/August, 1990, p. 18, and Mark Dowie, "Clean, Green and Guilt-Free Funds," The Nation, April 26, 1993, p. 550, as well as the letters that followed (The Nation, June 21, 1993).
29. Mike Kieschnick at ECO/TECH 1991. See also Paul Rauber, "The Stockholder's Smile," Sierra, July/August, 1990, p. 18, and Mark Dowie, "Clean, Green and Guilt-Free Funds," The Nation, April 26, 1993, p. 550, as well as the letters that followed (The Nation, June 21, 1993).
30. Mike Kieschnick at ECO/TECH 1991. See also Paul Rauber, "The Stockholder's Smile," Sierra, July/August, 1990, p. 18, and Mark Dowie, "Clean, Green and Guilt-Free Funds," The Nation, April 26, 1993, p. 550, as well as the letters that followed (The Nation, June 21, 1993).
31. The Atmosphere Alliance has done a brief, useful "Who's Who" of the "skeptics," front groups, and right-wing foundations working to confuse climate politics. See Life Support: A Citizen 's Guild to Solving the Atmospheric Crisis, pp. 15-19 (PO Box 10346, Olympia WA 98502).
32. David Beers and Catherine Capellaro, "Greenwash!" Mother Jones, March/April, 1991, p. 88.
33. Chip Beriet and William K. Burke, "Corporate Fronts: Inside the Anti-Environmental Movement," Greenpeace, January/February, 1991, p. 8. See also Carl Deal, The Greenpeace Guide to Anti-Environmental Organizations (Berkeley: Odonian Press, 1993).
34. Chip Beriet and William K. Burke, "Corporate Fronts: Inside the Anti-Environmental Movement," Greenpeace, January/February, 1991, p. 8. See also Carl Deal, The Greenpeace Guide to Anti-Environmental Organizations (Berkeley: Odonian Press, 1993).
35. "Why Do You Want to Know?" Mother Jones, March/April, 1992, p. 18.
36. Stephan Schmidheiny with the Business Council for Sustainable Development, Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective on Development and the Environment (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1992), p. xxii.
37. Ibid., p. 16-18.
38. See "Global Leader in Greenwash: Asea Brown Boveri and the Environment," Chapter Two in Iza Kruszewska's Open Borders, Broken Promises, Greenpeace International, June 3, 1993.
39. Brian Johnson, Office of Environmental Quality, author's interview, November, 1993.
40. Allen R. Myerson, "Solar Power, for Earthly Prices," The New York Times, November 15, 1994; Matthew L. Wald, "Thirsty New Solar Cells Drink In the Sun's Energy," The New York Times, December 4, 1994.
41. Allen R. Myerson, "Solar Power, for Earthly Prices," The New York Times, November 15, 1994; Matthew L. Wald, "Thirsty New Solar Cells Drink In the Sun's Energy," The New York Times, December 4, 1994.
42. Beth Burrows, "Ethics and Other Irrational Considerations," Boycott Quarterly, Spring, 1993.
43. Quoted in Les Levidow, "Cleaning Up On The Farm," Science As Culture, 13, 1991, p. 547.
44. Bill R. Baumgardt and Marshall A. Martin, "The Origins of Biotechnology and Its Potential for Agriculture," in Agricultural Biotechnology: Issues and Choices (Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, 1991), p. 3.
45. For a straight dose of this sort of optimism, see Dennis Avery, "Saving the Planet with Pesticides," Ronald Bailey, ed., The True State of the Planet (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
46. Industrial agriculture is no clear win over the best forms for traditional agroecology, even in narrow productivity terms. In the first place, it is unsustainable. For example, even the Food and Agricultural Organization is concerned that Green Revolution yields are dropping in Asia (See Martin Khor, "Move Away from Green Revolution," Third World Resurgence, 39, undated, PP. 2-3).
47. Beth Burrows, "Brave New Food," PCC Sound Consumer, September, 1992.
48. Jane Rissler, Margaret Mellon, Perils Amidst the Promise: Ecological Risks of Transgenic Crops in a Global Market (December, 1993, Union of Concerned Scientists, 26 Church Street, Cambridge, MA 02238), p. 1.
49. Ibid., pp. 2-3. Also, Keith Schneider, "Science Group Urges a Delay in Selling Gene-Altered Food," The New York Times, December 21, 1993.
50. Ibid., pp. 2-3. Also, Keith Schneider, "Science Group Urges a Delay in Selling Gene-Altered Food," The New York Times, December 21, 1993.
51. See Lawrence Busch, et. al., Plants, Power, and Profit: Social, Economic, and Ethical Consequences of the New Biotechnologies (Cambridge, Mass: Basil Blackwell, 1991), or Jack Kloppenberg, First The Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
52. See Lawrence Busch, et. al., Plants, Power, and Profit: Social, Economic, and Ethical Consequences of the New Biotechnologies (Cambridge, Mass: Basil Blackwell, 1991), or Jack Kloppenberg, First The Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
53. For both scientific and political details on herbicide tolerance, see Biotechnology's Bitter Harvest: Herbicide-Tolerant Crops and the Threat to Sustainable Agriculture, a March, 1990 report of the Biotechnology Working Group (The Environmental Defense Fund and the National Wildlife Federation).
54. Walter Truett Anderson, To Govern Evolution: Further Adventures of the Political Animal (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987).
55. The Third National Agricultural Biotechnology Conference was held in Sacramento, California in May of 1991. Anderson's keynote was delivered on May 30th.
56. Bill Liebhardt, author's interview, February 25, 1993.
57. Richard Hindmarsh, "The Flawed 'Sustainable' Promise of Genetic Engineering," The Ecologist, 21, 5, September/October, 1991, and Tracey Clunies-Ross and Nicholas Hildyard, "The Politics of Industrial Agriculture," The Ecologist, 22, 2, March/April, 1992.
58. Richard Hindmarsh, "The Flawed 'Sustainable' Promise of Genetic Engineering," The Ecologist, 21, 5, September/October, 1991, and Tracey Clunies-Ross and Nicholas Hildyard, "The Politics of Industrial Agriculture," The Ecologist, 22, 2, March/April, 1992.
59. Bill Liebhardt, "BGH, Rotational Grazing & Land Grants," from Sustainable Agriculture, 5, 2, Winter, 1993, the newsletter of the University of California's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program.
60. William C. Liebhardt, The Dairy Debate, ANR Publications, a division of University of California Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Oakland, 1993).
61. Margaret Mellon speaking at NABC-3, May 30, 1991.
62. See also Frederick H. Buttel, "Social Relations and the Growth of Modern Agriculture," in C. R. Carroll et. al., Agroecology (New York: McGraw Hill, 1990), p. 139.
63. Jack Kloppenberg, author's interview, March 17, 1993.
64. "Bush Asks Cautious Response To Threat of Global Warming," The New York Times, February, 6, 1990, p. 1.
65. William K. Stephens, "Skeptics are Challenging Dire 'Greenhouse' Views," The New York Times, December, 13, 1989, p. 1.
66. For Linzen's continued quotability as chief skeptic, see William K. Stevens, "Experts Confirm Human Role in Global Warming," The New York Times, September 10, 1995.
67. William K. Stevens, "Estimates of Warming Gain More Precision and Warn of Disaster," The New York Times, December 15, 1992; Walter Sullivan, "Study of Greenland Ice Finds Rapid Change in Past Climate," The New York Times, July 15, 1993.
68. William K. Stevens, "Estimates of Warming Gain More Precision and Warn of Disaster," The New York Times, December 15, 1992; Walter Sullivan, "Study of Greenland Ice Finds Rapid Change in Past Climate," The New York Times, July 15, 1993.
69. From the IPCC's October 1990 report, cited in R.A. Kerr, "New Greenhouse Report Puts Down Dissenters," Science, 249, August 3, 1990, pp. 481-82.
70. Stephens, The New York Times, September 14, 1993.
71. Jeffrey Salmon, "Greenhouse Anxiety," Commentary, 96 (1), July, 1993, p. 25.
72. Ben W. Bolch and Robert D. McCallum, Apocalypse Not: Science, Economics and Environmentalism (Washington: Cato Institute, 1993).
73. Dixy Lee Ray, Environmental Overkill: Whatever Happened to Common Sense? (New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1994).
74. Dixy Lee Ray and Lou Guzzo, Trashing the Planet: How Science Can Help Us Deal with Acid Rain. Depletion of the Ozone, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things) (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992).
75. William K. Stephens, "Scientists Confront Renewed Backlash on Global Warming," The New York Times, September 14, 1993.
76. Ibid.
77. For a history of the long years it took to get the ozone crisis taken seriously, see Sharon L. Roan, Ozone Crisis: The 15 Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency (New York: Wiley, 1989).
78. Gary Taubes, "The Ozone Backlash," Science, 260, June 11, 1993. The essential text, here, the one which fed Limbaugh's campaign and to which almost all "ozone scare" science traces, is Rogelio A. Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer, The Holes in the Ozone Scare: The Scientific Evidence that the Sky Isn't Falling (Washington DC: Scientific Associates, 1992). To place it on the political spectrum, note that the publicity for The Ozone Scare urges the "overthrow of the murderous environmentalist regime now ruling our schools, governing institutions, and the media." See John Passacantando and Andre Carothers, "Crisis? What Crisis? The Ozone Backlash," The Ecologist, 25, 1, January/February, 1995, and also David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens: The Wise-Use Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994), pp. 232, 285-286. In late 1995, the inevitable finally occurred - see William K. Stevens, "GOP Seeks to Delay Ban on Chemical Harming Ozone," The New York Times, September 21, 1995.
79. Gary Taubes, "The Ozone Backlash," Science, 260, June 11, 1993. The essential text, here, the one which fed Limbaugh's campaign and to which almost all "ozone scare" science traces, is Rogelio A. Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer, The Holes in the Ozone Scare: The Scientific Evidence that the Sky Isn't Falling (Washington DC: Scientific Associates, 1992). To place it on the political spectrum, note that the publicity for The Ozone Scare urges the "overthrow of the murderous environmentalist regime now ruling our schools, governing institutions, and the media." See John Passacantando and Andre Carothers, "Crisis? What Crisis? The Ozone Backlash," The Ecologist, 25, 1, January/February, 1995, and also David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens: The Wise-Use Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994), pp. 232, 285-286. In late 1995, the inevitable finally occurred - see William K. Stevens, "GOP Seeks to Delay Ban on Chemical Harming Ozone," The New York Times, September 21, 1995.
80. Gary Taubes, "The Ozone Backlash," Science, 260, June 11, 1993. The essential text, here, the one which fed Limbaugh's campaign and to which almost all "ozone scare" science traces, is Rogelio A. Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer, The Holes in the Ozone Scare: The Scientific Evidence that the Sky Isn't Falling (Washington DC: Scientific Associates, 1992). To place it on the political spectrum, note that the publicity for The Ozone Scare urges the "overthrow of the murderous environmentalist regime now ruling our schools, governing institutions, and the media." See John Passacantando and Andre Carothers, "Crisis? What Crisis? The Ozone Backlash," The Ecologist, 25, 1, January/February, 1995, and also David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens: The Wise-Use Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994), pp. 232, 285-286. In late 1995, the inevitable finally occurred - see William K. Stevens, "GOP Seeks to Delay Ban on Chemical Harming Ozone," The New York Times, September 21, 1995.
81. Gary Taubes, "The Ozone Backlash," Science, 260, June 11, 1993. The essential text, here, the one which fed Limbaugh's campaign and to which almost all "ozone scare" science traces, is Rogelio A. Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer, The Holes in the Ozone Scare: The Scientific Evidence that the Sky Isn't Falling (Washington DC: Scientific Associates, 1992). To place it on the political spectrum, note that the publicity for The Ozone Scare urges the "overthrow of the murderous environmentalist regime now ruling our schools, governing institutions, and the media." See John Passacantando and Andre Carothers, "Crisis? What Crisis? The Ozone Backlash," The Ecologist, 25, 1, January/February, 1995, and also David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens: The Wise-Use Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994), pp. 232, 285-286. In late 1995, the inevitable finally occurred - see William K. Stevens, "GOP Seeks to Delay Ban on Chemical Harming Ozone," The New York Times, September 21, 1995.
82. Gary Taubes, "The Ozone Backlash," Science, 260, June 11, 1993. The essential text, here, the one which fed Limbaugh's campaign and to which almost all "ozone scare" science traces, is Rogelio A. Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer, The Holes in the Ozone Scare: The Scientific Evidence that the Sky Isn't Falling (Washington DC: Scientific Associates, 1992). To place it on the political spectrum, note that the publicity for The Ozone Scare urges the "overthrow of the murderous environmentalist regime now ruling our schools, governing institutions, and the media." See John Passacantando and Andre Carothers, "Crisis? What Crisis? The Ozone Backlash," The Ecologist, 25, 1, January/February, 1995, and also David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens: The Wise-Use Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994), pp. 232, 285-286. In late 1995, the inevitable finally occurred - see William K. Stevens, "GOP Seeks to Delay Ban on Chemical Harming Ozone," The New York Times, September 21, 1995.
83. Peter Huber introduced the term into the rhetoric of denial. See his Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom (New York, Basic, 1991), or "Junk Science in the Courtroom," Forbes, July 8, 1991, p. 68.
84. Peter Huber introduced the term into the rhetoric of denial. See his Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom (New York, Basic, 1991), or "Junk Science in the Courtroom," Forbes, July 8, 1991, p. 68.
85. Julian L. Simon and Aaron Wildavsky, "Facts, Not Species, Are Periled," The New York Times, May 13, 1993.
86. See letters by Norman Myers and E.O. Wilson, in "Before Skies Become Entirely Barren of Birds," The New York Times, May 25, 1993.
87. Charles C, Mann, "Extinction: Are Ecologists Crying Wolf?" Science, 253, August 16, 1991; Charles C. Mann and Mark. L. Plummer, 'The Butterfly Problem," The Atlantic, January, 1992, and Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species (New York: Knopf, 1995). Also, Carol Kaesuk Yoon, "Boom and Bust May Be the Norm in Nature, Study Suggests," The New York Times, March 15, 1994.
88. Charles C, Mann, "Extinction: Are Ecologists Crying Wolf?" Science, 253, August 16, 1991; Charles C. Mann and Mark. L. Plummer, 'The Butterfly Problem," The Atlantic, January, 1992, and Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species (New York: Knopf, 1995). Also, Carol Kaesuk Yoon, "Boom and Bust May Be the Norm in Nature, Study Suggests," The New York Times, March 15, 1994.
89. Charles C, Mann, "Extinction: Are Ecologists Crying Wolf?" Science, 253, August 16, 1991; Charles C. Mann and Mark. L. Plummer, 'The Butterfly Problem," The Atlantic, January, 1992, and Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species (New York: Knopf, 1995). Also, Carol Kaesuk Yoon, "Boom and Bust May Be the Norm in Nature, Study Suggests," The New York Times, March 15, 1994.
90. Charles C, Mann, "Extinction: Are Ecologists Crying Wolf?" Science, 253, August 16, 1991; Charles C. Mann and Mark. L. Plummer, 'The Butterfly Problem," The Atlantic, January, 1992, and Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species (New York: Knopf, 1995). Also, Carol Kaesuk Yoon, "Boom and Bust May Be the Norm in Nature, Study Suggests," The New York Times, March 15, 1994.
91. Daniel B. Botkin, Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 10, 62. For a discussion of Botkin, and some suggestions of the politics of this paradigm shift, see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 150-153.
92. Daniel B. Botkin, Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 10, 62. For a discussion of Botkin, and some suggestions of the politics of this paradigm shift, see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 150-153.
93. Emily Yoffe, "The Silence of the Frogs," New York Times Magazine, December 12,1992, p. 66; Kathryn Phillips, Tracking the Vanishing Frogs: An Ecological Mystery (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994).
94. Emily Yoffe, "The Silence of the Frogs," New York Times Magazine, December 12,1992, p. 66; Kathryn Phillips, Tracking the Vanishing Frogs: An Ecological Mystery (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994).
95. For a discussion of abstraction in modern economics, and its tendency to entirely abstract itself from empirical research in the real social and physical worlds, see Hawken, Ecology of Commerce (New York: Harper Business, 1993), p. 59 and Doug Henwood, "Intellectual Bankrupcy," Left Business Observer, 57, p. 5.
96. For a discussion of abstraction in modern economics, and its tendency to entirely abstract itself from empirical research in the real social and physical worlds, see Hawken, Ecology of Commerce (New York: Harper Business, 1993), p. 59 and Doug Henwood, "Intellectual Bankrupcy," Left Business Observer, 57, p. 5.
97. Michael Rothschild, Bionomics: The Inevitability of Capitalism (New York: Henry Holt, 1990).
98. See Thomas Michael Powers and Paul Rauber, "The Price of Everything," Sierra Magazine, November/December, 1993, pp. 87-96.
99. World Bank, World Development Report 1992, Development And The Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 67.
100. "Environmental Protection in the 1990s: A Time for New Approaches," address by Gus Speth to the New England Environmental Conference of March 16, 1991.
101. A New Generation of Environmental Leadership: Action for the Environment and the Economy (Washington: World Resources Institute, 1993), p. 6.
102. For an open-minded review of the issues here, see Frances Cairncross, Costing the Earth: The Challenge for Governments, The Opportunities for Business (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992)
103. The Environmental Impact of the Car, Greenpeace International, 1991, p. 13; Fossil Fuels in a Changing Climate, also Greenpeace International, 1993, p. 18.
104. The Environmental Impact of the Car, Greenpeace International, 1991, p. 13; Fossil Fuels in a Changing Climate, also Greenpeace International, 1993, p. 18.
105. See James J. MacKenzie, Roger C. Dower, and Don Chen, The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive, (Washington: World Resources Institute, 1993) or Harold M. Hubbard, "The Real Cost of Energy," Scientific American, April, 1991, pp. 36-42. If "externalities" and not direct subsides are the issue, the figure may be even larger: a 1993 report by the National Resources Defense Council estimates them as between $380 and $660 billion (John Millar and John Moffet, The Price of Mobility: Uncovering the Hidden Costs of Transportation [Washington, DC: NRDC, 1993]). In Europe, much higher gasoline prices still do not internalize the full costs of transportation. The , European Federation of Transport and the Environment estimates the externality at $120 billion a year (Pre Kageson, Getting the Prices Right - A European Scheme for Making Transportation Pay Its True Cost, Rue de la Victoire 26, 1060 Brussels, Belgium, 1993).
106. See James J. MacKenzie, Roger C. Dower, and Don Chen, The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive, (Washington: World Resources Institute, 1993) or Harold M. Hubbard, "The Real Cost of Energy," Scientific American, April, 1991, pp. 36-42. If "externalities" and not direct subsides are the issue, the figure may be even larger: a 1993 report by the National Resources Defense Council estimates them as between $380 and $660 billion (John Millar and John Moffet, The Price of Mobility: Uncovering the Hidden Costs of Transportation [Washington, DC: NRDC, 1993]). In Europe, much higher gasoline prices still do not internalize the full costs of transportation. The , European Federation of Transport and the Environment estimates the externality at $120 billion a year (Pre Kageson, Getting the Prices Right - A European Scheme for Making Transportation Pay Its True Cost, Rue de la Victoire 26, 1060 Brussels, Belgium, 1993).
107. See James J. MacKenzie, Roger C. Dower, and Don Chen, The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive, (Washington: World Resources Institute, 1993) or Harold M. Hubbard, "The Real Cost of Energy," Scientific American, April, 1991, pp. 36-42. If "externalities" and not direct subsides are the issue, the figure may be even larger: a 1993 report by the National Resources Defense Council estimates them as between $380 and $660 billion (John Millar and John Moffet, The Price of Mobility: Uncovering the Hidden Costs of Transportation [Washington, DC: NRDC, 1993]). In Europe, much higher gasoline prices still do not internalize the full costs of transportation. The , European Federation of Transport and the Environment estimates the externality at $120 billion a year (Pre Kageson, Getting the Prices Right - A European Scheme for Making Transportation Pay Its True Cost, Rue de la Victoire 26, 1060 Brussels, Belgium, 1993).
108. See James J. MacKenzie, Roger C. Dower, and Don Chen, The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive, (Washington: World Resources Institute, 1993) or Harold M. Hubbard, "The Real Cost of Energy," Scientific American, April, 1991, pp. 36-42. If "externalities" and not direct subsides are the issue, the figure may be even larger: a 1993 report by the National Resources Defense Council estimates them as between $380 and $660 billion (John Millar and John Moffet, The Price of Mobility: Uncovering the Hidden Costs of Transportation [Washington, DC: NRDC, 1993]). In Europe, much higher gasoline prices still do not internalize the full costs of transportation. The , European Federation of Transport and the Environment estimates the externality at $120 billion a year (Pre Kageson, Getting the Prices Right - A European Scheme for Making Transportation Pay Its True Cost, Rue de la Victoire 26, 1060 Brussels, Belgium, 1993).
109. Jeremy Rifkin, Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of Cattle Culture (New York: Plume, 1993), and John Robbins, Diet for a New America (Wapole, MA: Stillpoint, 1987).
110. Jeremy Rifkin, Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of Cattle Culture (New York: Plume, 1993), and John Robbins, Diet for a New America (Wapole, MA: Stillpoint, 1987).
111. The classic text here is Marc Reisner's Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin, 1987).
112. Robert Cullen, "The True Cost of Coal," The Atlantic, December, 1993.
113. Fiscal Fission: The Economic Failure of Nuclear Power, by Komanoff Energy Associates, December, 1992, available from Greenpeace USA.
114. Stephen Shrybman, author's interview, May 18, 1994.
115. Herman Daly, author's interview, July 26, 1993.
116. Andrew Stirling, "Environmental Valuation: How Much is the Emperor Wearing?" The Ecologist, 23, 3, May/June 1993, p. 97.
117. Peter Korn, "The Case for Preservation," The Nation, March 30, 1992, p. 415; William K. Stevens, "Battle Looms of Plans for Endangered Species," The New York Times, November 16, 1993.
118. Peter Korn, "The Case for Preservation," The Nation, March 30, 1992, p. 415; William K. Stevens, "Battle Looms of Plans for Endangered Species," The New York Times, November 16, 1993.
119. "Whose Common Future?" The Ecologist, July/August 1992, pp. 173-179.
120. For an intriguing notion of what might actually be necessary, see Michael Albert and Robin Hahnel, Looking Forward: Participatory Economics for the Twenty-First Century (Boston: South End Press, 1991).
121. Mark Sagoff, The Economy of the Earth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 88.
122. Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr., For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Towards Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Boston, Beacon Press, 1989), p. 245. This particular idea for enforcing limits by way of tradable rights was first floated by Kenneth Boulding (The Meaning of the Twentieth Century, [New York: Harper and Row, 1993]).
123. Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr., For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Towards Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Boston, Beacon Press, 1989), p. 245. This particular idea for enforcing limits by way of tradable rights was first floated by Kenneth Boulding (The Meaning of the Twentieth Century, [New York: Harper and Row, 1993]).
124. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, 16, 2, Fall, 1991, p. 101.
125. National Public Radio "Marketplace," March 17, 1995. The tale is told more sedately, in more detail, in Peter Weber, "Protecting Ocean Fisheries and Jobs," State of the World: 1995 (New York: Norton, 1995), pp. 32-33.
126. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), pp. 709-10, cited in Robert Heilbroner, 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Norton, 1993), p. 44.
127. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), pp. 709-10, cited in Robert Heilbroner, 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Norton, 1993), p. 44.
128. John Ruskin, Unto This Last (Lincon, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1967 [original edition, 1860]), p. 30, quoted in C. Douglas Lummis, "Equality," in Wolfgang Sachs, ed., The Development Dictionary: A Guide To Knowledge As Power (London: Zed Books, 1992), p. 44.
129. John Ruskin, Unto This Last (Lincon, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1967 [original edition, 1860]), p. 30, quoted in C. Douglas Lummis, "Equality," in Wolfgang Sachs, ed., The Development Dictionary: A Guide To Knowledge As Power (London: Zed Books, 1992), p. 44.
130. On "containment liberalism," see Walden Bello, with Shea Cunningham and Bill Rau, Dark Victory: The U.S., Structural Adjustment, and Global Poverty (Oakland: Food First [398 60th Street, Oakland, CA 94618], with London's Pluto Press and the Transnational Institute), pp. 10-17.
131. Good discussions of alternatives to development-as-usual are becoming easy to find. See "What on Earth is to Be Done?" in Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Hilary F. French's "Rebuilding the World Bank" in State of the World: 1994; op. cit.; Jim Barnes, Bankrolling Success (Friends of the Earth, 1994); John Cavanagh, Daphne Wysham and Marcos Aruda, Beyond Bretton Woods (London, Pluto, 1994); and Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village (Washington: Institute for Policy Studies, 1994).
132. Good discussions of alternatives to development-as-usual are becoming easy to find. See "What on Earth is to Be Done?" in Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Hilary F. French's "Rebuilding the World Bank" in State of the World: 1994; op. cit.; Jim Barnes, Bankrolling Success (Friends of the Earth, 1994); John Cavanagh, Daphne Wysham and Marcos Aruda, Beyond Bretton Woods (London, Pluto, 1994); and Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village (Washington: Institute for Policy Studies, 1994).
133. Good discussions of alternatives to development-as-usual are becoming easy to find. See "What on Earth is to Be Done?" in Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Hilary F. French's "Rebuilding the World Bank" in State of the World: 1994; op. cit.; Jim Barnes, Bankrolling Success (Friends of the Earth, 1994); John Cavanagh, Daphne Wysham and Marcos Aruda, Beyond Bretton Woods (London, Pluto, 1994); and Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village (Washington: Institute for Policy Studies, 1994).
134. Good discussions of alternatives to development-as-usual are becoming easy to find. See "What on Earth is to Be Done?" in Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Hilary F. French's "Rebuilding the World Bank" in State of the World: 1994; op. cit.; Jim Barnes, Bankrolling Success (Friends of the Earth, 1994); John Cavanagh, Daphne Wysham and Marcos Aruda, Beyond Bretton Woods (London, Pluto, 1994); and Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village (Washington: Institute for Policy Studies, 1994).
135. Good discussions of alternatives to development-as-usual are becoming easy to find. See "What on Earth is to Be Done?" in Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Hilary F. French's "Rebuilding the World Bank" in State of the World: 1994; op. cit.; Jim Barnes, Bankrolling Success (Friends of the Earth, 1994); John Cavanagh, Daphne Wysham and Marcos Aruda, Beyond Bretton Woods (London, Pluto, 1994); and Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village (Washington: Institute for Policy Studies, 1994).
136. Good discussions of alternatives to development-as-usual are becoming easy to find. See "What on Earth is to Be Done?" in Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Hilary F. French's "Rebuilding the World Bank" in State of the World: 1994; op. cit.; Jim Barnes, Bankrolling Success (Friends of the Earth, 1994); John Cavanagh, Daphne Wysham and Marcos Aruda, Beyond Bretton Woods (London, Pluto, 1994); and Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village (Washington: Institute for Policy Studies, 1994).
137. "The Shaky Ground of Sustainable Development," in The Wealth of Nature, op. cit., p. 144.
138. Ibid., pp. 143-144.
139. Gustavo Esteva in Sachs, op. cit., p. 16.
140. W. R. Arney, Experts in the Age of Systems (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1991), quoted in "Whose Common Future?" The Ecologist, July/August, 1992, p. 181.
141. W. R. Arney, Experts in the Age of Systems (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1991), quoted in "Whose Common Future?" The Ecologist, July/August, 1992, p. 181.
142. "The Development Set" is a poem by Ross Coggins, found in the frontmatter of Grahram Hancock, Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989).
143. Presentation of the International Atomic Energy Agency to the Commission on Sustainable Development, First Session, June 14-25, 1993.
144. Herman Daly in Steve Learner, Earth Summit: Conversations with Architects of an Ecologically Sustainable Future (Bolinas: Common Knowledge Press, 1991), p. 40.
145. See Easterbrook's contribution to misunderstanding greenhouse politics (The New York Times, Op-Ed page, August 13, 1993), or, even farther back, his defense of "passively safe" nukes in Newsweek's "Special Report" on the environment (July 24, 1989, p. 42).
146. See Easterbrook's contribution to misunderstanding greenhouse politics (The New York Times, Op-Ed page, August 13, 1993), or, even farther back, his defense of "passively safe" nukes in Newsweek's "Special Report" on the environment (July 24, 1989, p. 42).
147. For specifically scientific critiques of Easterbrook, see Rachel's Environment and Health Weekly, 437, April 13, 1995, and, at a far greater length, the Environmental Defense Fund's excellent, point by point, "A Moment of Truth: Correcting the Scientific Errors," in Gregg Easterbrook's A Moment On The Earth (EDF, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010).
148. For specifically scientific critiques of Easterbrook, see Rachel's Environment and Health Weekly, 437, April 13, 1995, and, at a far greater length, the Environmental Defense Fund's excellent, point by point, "A Moment of Truth: Correcting the Scientific Errors," in Gregg Easterbrook's A Moment On The Earth (EDF, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010).
149. Gregg Easterbrook, "Forget PCB's, Radon, Alar, The World's Greatest Environmental Dangers are Dung Smoke and Dirty Water," New York Times Magazine, September 11, 1994. The same argument, in more diffuse form, can be found on pages 577-585 of Moment on the Earth. Easterbrook is particularly bad on the Third World.
150. Gregg Easterbrook, "Forget PCB's, Radon, Alar, The World's Greatest Environmental Dangers are Dung Smoke and Dirty Water," New York Times Magazine, September 11, 1994. The same argument, in more diffuse form, can be found on pages 577-585 of Moment on the Earth. Easterbrook is particularly bad on the Third World.
151. Deborah Moore, author's interview, September, 1994.
152. Easterbrook, "Forget PCB's, Radon, Alar..." op. cit. Also, Moment, op. cit., p. 584.
153. Easterbrook, "Forget PCB's, Radon, Alar..." op. cit. Also, Moment, op. cit., p. 584.
154. World Bank Press Release No. B95/S93, p. 2.
155. Wolfgang Sachs, author's interview, May, 1993. See also Wolfang Sachs, ed., Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict (London: Zed Books, 1993).
156. Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," The Atlantic Monthly, February, 1994.
157. William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), p. 291. See the most recent SIPRI yearbook for the situation, as it evolves (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press). On the U.S. share, in 1994, see Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Arms Merchants Fatten Share of Sales to Third World," The New York Times, August 2, 1994.
158. William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), p. 291. See the most recent SIPRI yearbook for the situation, as it evolves (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press). On the U.S. share, in 1994, see Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Arms Merchants Fatten Share of Sales to Third World," The New York Times, August 2, 1994.
159. For a fine discussion of this and related points, see Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1994).
160. Al Gore, Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), p. 196.
161. Ibid., pp. 273-274.