On the nature, influence and magnitudes of flame heat transfer during surface flame spread

Fire Safety Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 189-222

  Azhakesan, M A ^a   Shields, T J ^a   Silcock, G W H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Flame heat tansfer; Flame spread

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000218456     PISSN: 03797112     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00036-9     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Shields TJ, Azhakesan MA, Silcock GWH. The creation, development and application of a strategy for the classification of building materials using a cone calorimeter. FireSERT Centre, University of Ulster, Report to the DOE, UK. Project No: 7/6/709, December 1995 [Chapter 1 and Appendices 1-3].
2. Tran HC, Janssens ML. Wall and corner firetests on selected wood products. J Fire Sci 1991;9:106-24.
3. Quintiere JG. State of fire research and safety, fire safety science. Proceedings of the second International Symposium, 1989. p. 15-28.
4. Azhakesan MA. Evaluation of incremental fire loading of surface linings in the ISO room. Internal Report to FireSERT. School of Built Environment, University of Ulster, February 1998. p. 1-20 and Appendices 1-9.
5. Zhang J, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH, Azhakesan MA. Behaviour of plywood lining in full scale room fire tests. J Appl Fire Sci 1999;8:3-18.
6. Moghaddam AZ, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH, Azhakesan MA. A comparison of fire retarded and non-retarded wood-based materials in room lining tests. Fire and Mater 1999;23:17-25.
7. Fernandez-Pello AC, Hirano T. Controlling mechanisms of flame spread. Combust Sci Technol 1983;32:1-32.
8. Quintiere JG, Harkleroad M. New concepts for measuring flame spread properties. In: T-Z. Harmathy, Editor, fire safety engineering, ASTM STP 882. ASTM 1985. p. 239-66.
9. Azhakesan MA, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH. Ignition and opposed flow flame spread utilising a reduced scale attachment to the cone calorimeter. Fire Technol 1998;34(2):99-116.
10. Azhakesan MA, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH. Combustibility parameters for some enclosure lining materials obtained under conditions of surface spreading flame using a reduced scale ignition and flame spread technique (RIFT). Fire Technol 1998;34(3):197-226.
11. Kashiwagi T. A study of flame spread over a porous material under external radiation flows. 15th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1974. p. 255-265.
12. Azhakesan MA, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH. Combustibility related parameters for reaction to fire test translations. J Appl Fire Sci 1996-1997;6(4):197-226.
13. Azhakesan MA, Shields TJ, Silcock GWH. Towards the translation and classification of building materials using combustion calorimetry. J Appl Fire Sci 1997-1998;7(1):17-28.
14. Quintiere JG. A simplified theory for generalizing results from a radiant panel. Fire and Mater 1981;5(2):52-60.
15. Babrauskas V, Wetterlund I. The role of flame flux in opposed-flow flame spread. Fire and Mater 1995;19:275-81.
16. Tewarson A. Generation of heat and chemical compounds in fires. The SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, 2nd Ed. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 1995. p. 53-124.
17. Mackinven R, Hansel JG, Glassman I. Influence of laboratory parameters on flame spread across liquid fuels. Combust Sci Technol 1970;1:293-306.
18. Petrella RV. The mass burning rate of polymers, wood and organic liquids. J Fire Flammability 1980;11:3-20.
19. Tewarson A, Pion RF. Flammability of plastics - 1 burning intensity. Combust Flame 1976;26:85-103.
20. Tewarson A. Physico-chemical and combustion/pyrolysis properties of polymeric materials. NBS-GCR-80-295, US Department of Commerce, November 1980.
21. Drysdale D. Fundamentals of the fire behaviour of cellular polymers. In: Buist JM, Grayson SJ, Woolley WD. editors. Fire and cellular polymers. 1986. p. 61-75.
22. Rhodes BT, Quintiere JG. Burning rate and flame heat flux for PMMA in a cone calorimeter. Fire Safety J 1996;26:221-40.
23. Hopkins Jr D, Quintiere JG. Material fire properties and predictions for thermoplastics. Fire Safety J 1996;26:241-68.
24. Janssens M. Modelling the E84 tunnel test for wood products. First International Conference on Fire and Materials, Washington, September 1992;24-5:33-42.
25. Ritchie SJ, Steckler KD, Hamins A, Cleary TG, Yang JC, Kashiwagi T. The effect of sample size on HRR of charring materials, fire safety science. Proceedings of the fifth International Symposium, 1997. p. 177-88.
26. Ohtani H, Hirano T, Akita K. Scale effects on bottom surface combustion of PMMA pieces with circular and rectangular sections 18th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1981. p. 591-9.
27. Budnick Jr EK. Private communication, NBS Report, 1972.
28. Motevalli V, Chen Y, Gallagher G, Sheppard D. Measurements of horizontal flame spread on charring and non charring materials using the LIFT apparatus. Proceedings of First International Fire and Materials Conference, Arlington, VA, Interscience Communications Ltd., 1992. p. 23-32.
29. Kashiwagi T, Cleary TG. Effects of sample mounting on flammability properties of intumescent polymers. Fire Safety J 1993;20:203-25.
30. Delichatsios MM, Wu P, Lougheed GP, Crampton GP, Qian C, Ishida H, Saito K. Effect of external radiant heat flux on upward fire spread: measurements on plywood and numerical predictions, fire safety science, Kashiwagi T, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, 5th October 1999, 1991. p. 421-51.
31. Janssens M. Calorimetry. The SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, 2nd ed. In: DiNenno et al., editors. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 1995. p. 3-16-3-36.
32. Mitler HE. Algorithm for mass-loss rate of a burning wall. In: Wakamatsu T, Hasemi Y, Sekizawa A, Seeger PG, Pagni PG, Grant CE, editors. Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. Washington DC: Hemisphere Publishing, 1989. p. 179-88.
33. Sato K, Suzuki K, Sakai Y, Sega S. Effects of flame retardant on the behaviour and temperature profiles of flames spreading over paper, fire safety science.In: Kashiwagi T. Editor, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, 1994. p. 503-15.
34. Aseeva RM, Zaikov GE. Combustion of polymer materials (translated by T. Fabrikant). Hanser Publishers, 1985.
35. Fernandez-Pello AC. The solid phase. In: Cox G, editor. Combustion fundamentals. New York: Academic Publishers, 1995. p. 31-100.
36. Azhakesan M, Murdoch P, Williams A, Taylor J. Rapid pyrolysis as a method of characterising coal for combustion. Fuel 1991;70.
37. Pagni PJ. Fire physics-promises, problems and progress, fire safety science. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, 1989. p. 49-66.
38. Gritzo LA, Gill W, Keltner N. Thermal measurements to characterize large fires, fire safety science. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, 1995. p. 337-46.
39. Kashiwagi T, Omori A, Brown JE. Effects of material characteristics on flame spreading, fire safety science. Proceedings of the second International Symposium, 1989. p. 107-17.
40. Suzuki T, Kawamata M, Matsumoto K. Behaviour of the reverse flow in front of the leading edge spreading over fuel soaked sand in an air stream, fire safety science. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, 1991. p. 227-36.
41. Thompson HE, Drysdale DD. Effect of sample orientation on the piloted ignition of PMMA. Interflam '90, 1990. p. 35-42.
42. Moghtaderi B, Novozhilov V, Fletcher DD, Kent JH. The effect of char oxidation on the flaming combustion characteristics of wood materials. J Appl Fire Sci 1998. p. 189-201.
43. Fangrat J, Hasemi Y, Yoshida M, Hirata T. Surface temperature at ignition of wooden based slabs. Fire Safety J 1996;27:249-59.