A crowding-based model of social carrying capacity: Applications for whitewater boating use

Journal of Leisure Research

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 155-168

  Tarrant, Michael A ^a   English, Donald B K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Limits of acceptable change; Recreational crowding; Social carrying capacities; Whitewater boating

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000200831     PISSN: 00222216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00222216.1996.11949768     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Ditton, R. B., Fedler, A. J., & Graefe, A. R. (1983). Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding. Leisure Sciences, 5, 273-288.
2. Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J., Stankey, G. H., & Gregoire, T. G. (1987). The ROS planning system: Evolution, basic concepts, and research needed. Leisure Sciences, 9, 201-212.
3. English, D. B. K., Bowker, J. M., Bergstrom, J. C., & Cordell, H. K. (1995). Estimating the economic impacts of recreation response to resource management alternatives. Gen. Tech. Report SE-91. Asheville, NC: USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
4. Gramman, J. H. (1982). Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research. Leisure Sciences, 5, 109-126.
5. Graefe, A. R., Vaske, J. J., & Kuss, F. R. (1984). Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research. Leisure Sciences, 6, 396-431.
6. Greene, W. H. (1995). Limdep 7.0 Users Manual Bellport, NY: Econometric Software, Inc.
7. Hammitt, W. E., McDonald, C. D., & Noe, F. P. (1984). Use level and encounters: Important variables of perceived crowding among nonspecialized recreationists. Journal of Leisure Research, 16, 1-8.
8. Heberlein, T. A. (1977). Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacities. In Proceedings of the Symposium on River Recreation Management and Research. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-28, Minneapolis, MN: USDA Forest Service, pp. 67-76.
9. Heberlein, T. A., & Vaske, J. J. (1977). Crowding and Visitor Conflict on the Bois Brule River. Tech. Rep. WIS WRC 77-04, Water Resources Center, Madison, WI: Univ. of Wisconsin.
10. Manning, R. E. (1985). Studies in Outdoor Recreation: A Review and Synthesis of the Social Sciences Literature in Outdoor Recreation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
11. Noe, F. P. (1992). Further questions about the measurement and conceptualization of back-country encounter norms. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 86-92.
12. Patterson, M. E., & Hammitt, W. E. (1990). Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 259-275.
13. Roggenbuck, J. W., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P. & Dean, D. J. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 133-153.
14. Schreyer, R., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1978). The influence of experience expectations on crowding perceptions and social-psychological carrying capacities. Leisure Sciences, 1, 373-394.
15. Shelby, B. (1980). Contrasting recreational experiences: Motors and oars in the Grand Canyon. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 35, 129-131.
16. Shelby, B., Bregenzer, N. S., & Johnson, R. (1988). Displacement and product shift: Empirical evidence from Oregon rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 274-288.
17. Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
18. Shelby, B., & Vaske, J. J. (1991). Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173-187.
19. Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Heberlein, T. A. (1989). Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences, 11, 269-291.
20. Stankey, G. H. (1973). Visitor perception of wilderness recreation carrying capacity. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-142. Ogden, UT. 62 pp.
21. Stankey, G. H., Cole, D. N., Lucas, R. C., Peterson, M. E., Frissell, S. S., & Washburne, R. F. (1985). The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for Wilderness Planning. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-176.
22. Stankey, G. H., & McCool, S. F. (1984). Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal, and application. Leisure Sciences, 6, 454-473.
23. Tarrant, M. A., & Cordell, H. K. (1996). The interactive effects of normative and density explanations of river crowding. Manuscript submitted for publication.
24. Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137-153.
25. Virden, R. J., & Knopf, R. C. (1989). Activities, experiences, and environmental settings: A case of recreation opportunity spectrum relationships. Leisure Sciences, 11, 159-176.
26. Whittaker, D., & Shelby, B. (1988). Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 261-273.