Aerodynamics of road vehicles

Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 485-537

  Hucho, Wolf Heinrich ^a   Sovran, Gino ^b  

^a NONE   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Aerodynamic design; Aerodynamic forces; Aerodynamic testing; Flow fields

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000188765     PISSN: 00664189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.002413     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Ahmed, S. R. 1981. Wake structure of typfical automobile shapes. Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Engrg. 103: 162-69
2. Ahmed, S. R. 1984. Influence of base slant on the wake structure and drag of road vehicles. Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Engrg. 105: 429-34
3. Ahmed, S. R. 1992. Numerische Verfahren. See Hucho 1992, Chap. 14
4. Ahmed, S. R., Hucho, W.-H. 1977. The calculation of the flow field past a van with the aid of a panel method. SAE Pap. 770 390
5. Ahmed, S. R., Ramm, R., Faltin, G. 1984. Some salient features of the time averaged ground vehicle wake. SAE Pap. 840 300
6. Aoki, K., Miyata, H., Kanai, M., Hanaoka, Y., Zhu, M. 1992. A water-basin test technique for the aerodynamic design of road vehicles. SAE Pap. 920 348
7. Barth, R. 1960. Der Einfluss unsymmetrischer Stroemung auf die Luftkraefte an Fahrzeugmodellen und aehnlichen Koerpern. Automobiltech. Z. 62: 80-95
8. Basshuysen, R. v., Chemnitzer, E., Stock, D. 1989. Der neue 3-m2- Klimawindkanal mit Allrad-Rollenpruefstand bei Audi. Automobiltech. Z. 91: 646-52
9. Bearman, P. W. 1984. Some observations on road vehicle wakes. SAE Pap. 840 301
10. Beauvais, F. N., Tignor, S. C., Turner, T. R. 1968. Problems of ground simulation in automotive aerodynamics. SAE Pap. 680 121
11. Buchheim, R., Deutenbach, K.-R., Lueckhoff, H.-J. 1981. Necessity and premises for reducing the aerodynamic drag of future passenger cars. SAE Pap. 810 185
12. Buchheim, R., Dobrzynski, W., Mankau, H., Schwabe, D. 1983. Vehicle interior noise related to external aerodynamics. Int. J. Veh. Des. SP 3
13. Buchheim, R. Schwabe, D., Roehe, H. 1986. Der neue 6 m2- Klimawindkanal von Volkswagen. Automobiltech. Z. 88: 211-18, 389-92
14. Buchheim, R., Durst, F., Beeck, M. A., Hentschel, W., Piatek, R., Schwabe, D. 1987. Advanced experimental techniques and their application to automotive aerodynamics. SAE Pap. 870 244
15. Buchheim, R., Knorr, G., Mankau, H., Tang, T. 1989. Expertensystem zur Unterstuetzung der Aerodynamikoptimierung von Fahrzeugen. GMD-Stud. 160: 60-83
16. Carr, G. W. 1987. New MIRA drag reduction prediction method for cars. Auto. Eng. June/July 1987: 34-38
17. Cogotti, A. 1983. Aerodynamic characteristics of car wheels. Int. J. Veh. Des. SP 3: 173-96
18. Cogotti, A. 1987. Flow-field surveys behind three squareback car models using a new fourteen-hole probe. SAE Pap. 870 243
19. Cogotti, A. 1989. A strategy for optimum surveys of passenger-car flow fields. SAE Pap. 890 374
20. Cogotti, A., Berneburg, H. 1991. Engine compartment airflow investigations using a laser-doppler velocimeter. SAE Pap. 910 308
21. Dick, A., Stricker, R. 1988. Zur Bewertung inhomogenen Klimas im Pkw durch ein thermophysiologisches Insassenmodell. VDI-Bere. 699: 247-64, Duesseldorf
22. Donges, E., Mueller, B., Seifdenfuss, T. 1990. Design of the BMW-safety concept for active rear-axle kinematics. 23rd FISITA Congr., Torino,Pap. 905 059
23. Eckert, W., Vagt, J.-D., Wolff, B. 1990. Die Messtrecke mit geschlitzten Waenden im Porsche Windkanal. Automobiltech. Z. 92: 286-97
24. Eckert, W., Singer, N., Vagt, J.-D. 1992. The Porsche wind tunnel floor-boundary-layer control - a comparison with road data and results from moving belt. SAE Pap. 920 346
25. Emmelmann, H.-J. 1987a. Driving stabilty in side winds. See Hucho 1987, Chap. 5
26. Emmelmann, H.-J. 1987b. Performance of cars and light vans. See Hucho 1987, Chap. 3
27. Emmelmann, H.-J., Berneburg, H., Schulze, J. 1990. Aerodynamic development of the Opel Calibra. SAE Pap. 900 327
28. Flegl. H., Rauser, M. 1992. Hochleistungsfahrzeuge. See Hucho 1992, Chap. 7
29. Gengenbach, W. 1987. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning of motor vehicles. See Hucho 1987, Chap. 10
30. George, A. R. 1989. Automobile aeroacoustics. AIAA Pap. 89-1067, San Antonio, TX
31. Gilhaus, A., Renn, V. 1986. Drag and driving-stability related aerodynamic forces and their interdependence - results of measurements on 3/8 scale basic car shapes. SAE Pap. 860 211
32. Gilhaus, A., Hoffmann, R. 1992. Richtungsstabilitaet. See Hucho 1992, Chap. 5
33. Glober, S., Rumez, W. 1990. Berechnung der Stroemung und Temperaturverteilung in Fahrzeugkabinen mit einem Navier-Stokes-Verfahren. VDI-Ber, 816: 335-44
34. Goehring, E., Kraemer, W. 1987. Seitliche Fahrgestellverkleidungen fuer Nutzfahrzeuge. Automobiltech. Z. 89: 481-88; 659-66
35. Goenka, L. N. 1990. A numerical model to determine vehicle pressure-simulation accuracy in a slotted-wall automotive wind tunnel. SAE Pap. 900 188
36. Hackett, J. E., Wilsden, D. J. 1975. Determination of low speed wake blockage correction via tunnel wall static pressure measurements. AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel, Symp. on Wind Tunnel Des. Testing Techniques, London
37. Hackett, J. E., Sugavanam, A. 1984. Evaluation of a complete wake integral for the drag of a car-like shape. SAE Pap. 840 577
38. Haruna, S., Kamimoto, I., Okamoto, S. 1992. Estimation method for automobile aerodynamic noise. SAE Pap. 920 205
39. Hensel, R. W. 1951. Rectangular wind tunnel corrections using the velocity ratio method. NACA TN 2372
40. Hucho, W.-H. 1974. Versuchstechnik in der Fahrzeugaerodynamik. Koll. Industrieaerodynamik, Teil 3: Aerodynamik von Sirassenfahrzeugen. Aachen
41. Hucho, W.-H. 1978. The aerodynamic drag of cars - current understanding, unresolved problems and future prospects. See Sovran et al 1978, pp. 7-44
42. Hucho, W.-H.,ed. 1987a. The Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles. London: Butterworth
43. Hucho, W.-H. 1987b. Aerodynamic drag of passenger cars. See Hucho 1987a, Chap. 4
44. Hucho, W.-H. 1989a. Neuartiger Akustik-Windkanal bei BMW. Auto. Rev. 41/5.10.1989: 43-45
45. Hucho, W.-H. 1989b. Numerischer Windkanal - Stromlinienautos aus dem Supercomputer? Comput. Technol. 1989/10: 44-62
46. Hucho, W.-H., ed. 1992. Aerodynamik des Automobils. Duesseldorf: VDI. In press
47. Hucho, W.-H., Emmelmann, H.-J. 1973. Theoretical prediction of the aerodynamic derivatives of a vehicle in cross wind gusts. SAE Pap. 730 232
48. Hucho, W.-H., Janssen, L. J., Schwarz, G. 1975. The wind tunnel's ground floor boundary layer-its interference with the flow underneath cars. SAE Pap. 750 066
49. Hucho, W.-H., Janssen, L. J., Emmelmann, H.-J. 1976. The optimization of body details-a method for reducing the aerodynamic drag of vehicles. SAE Pap. 760 185
50. Hucho, W.-H., Janssen, L. J. 1977. Flow Visualization techniques in vehicle aerodynamics. Int. Symp. on Flow Visualization, Tokyo
51. Hummel, D., Ramm, G. 1992. A panel method for the computation of the flow around vehicles including side-edge vortices and wakes. Proc. ATA-Conf. Innovation and Reliability in Auto. Des. and Testing, Florence
52. Hutchings, B. J., Pien, W. 1988. Computation of three-dimensional vehicle aerodynamics using FLUENT/BFC. See Marino 1988, pp. 233-55
53. Ishihara, Y., Hara, J., Sakamoto, H., Kamemoto, K., Okamoto, H. 1991. Determination of flow velocity distribution in a vehicle interior using visualization and computation techniques. SAE Pap. 910 310
54. Janssen, L. J., Hucho, W.-H. 1975. Aerodynamische Entwicklung von VW-Golf und VW-Scirocco. Automobiltech. Z. 77: 1-5
55. Jones, R. T. 1978. Discussion. See Sovran et al 1978, pp. 40-44
56. Kamm, W., Schmid, C., Riekert, P., Huber, L. 1934. Einfluss der Reichsautobahn auf die Gestaltung der Kraftfahrzeuge. Aulomobiltech. Z. 37: 341-54
57. Kataoka, T., China, H., Nakagawa, K., Yanagimoto, K., Yoshida, M. 1991. Numerical simulation of road vehicle aerodynamics and effect of aerodynamic devices. SAE Pap. 910 597
58. Kieselbach, R. J. F. 1982a. Streamline Cars in Germany. Aerodynamics in the Construction of Passenger Vehicles 1900-1945. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Ed. Auto und Verk.
59. Kieselbach, R. J. F. 1982b. Streamline Cars in Europe and USA. Aerodynamics in the Construction of Passenger Vehicles 1900-1945. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Ed. Auto und Verk.
60. Kieselbach, R. J. F. 1983. Aerodynamically Designed Commercial Vehicles 1931-1961 Built on the Chassis of: Daimler Benz, Krupp, Opel, Ford. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Ed. Auto und Verk.
61. Klemperer, W. 1922. Luftwiderstandsuntersuchungen an Automodellen. Z. Flugtech. Motorluftschiffahrt. 13: 201-6
62. Kobayashi, T., Kitoh, K. 1992. A review of CFD methods and their application to automobile aerodynamics. SAE Pap. 920 338
63. Koenig-Fachsenfeld, R. v. 1951. Aerodynamik des Kraftfahrzeugs. Frankfurt: Umschau
64. Koenig-Fachsenfeld, R. v., Ruehle, D., Eckert, A., Zeuner, M. 1936. Windkanalmessungen an Omnibusmodellen. Automobiltech. Z. 39: 143-49
65. Krukow, G., Stricker, R. 1990. Einsatzpotential gekoppelter Verfahren zur Simulation von 3D-Fahrzeugstroemungen. VDI Ber. 816: 367-77, Duesseldorf
66. Kuenstner, R., Deutenbach, K.-R., Vagt, J.-D. 1992. Measurement of reference dynamic pressure in open-jet automotive wind tunnels. SAE Pap. 920 344
67. Kuriyama, T. 1988. Numerical simulation on three dimensional flow and heat transfer in the engine compartment using "STREAM." See Marino 1988, pp. 283-92
68. Larsson, L., Nilsson, L. U., Berndtsson, A., Hammar, L., Knutson, K., Danielson, H. 1989. A study of ground simulation-correlation between wind-tunnel and waterbasin tests of a full-scale car. SAE Pap. 890 368
69. Larsson, L., Broberg, L., Janson, C.-E. 1991. A zonal method for predicting external automobile aerodynamics. SAE Pap. 910 595
70. Mackrodt, P.-A., Steinheuer, J., Stoffers, G. 1980. Entwicklung aerodynamisch optimaler Formen fuer das Rad/Schiene-Versuchsfahrzeug II. Arch. Eisenbahntech. 35: 67-77
71. Mackrodt, P.-A., Pfitzcnmaier, E. 1987. Aerodynamik und Aeroakustik fuer Hochgeschwindigkeitszuege. Phys. Unserer Zeit. 18: 65-76
72. Marino, C., ed. 1988. Supercomputer applications in automotive research and development. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Super computing Appl. in the Auto. Ind., Seville. Minneapolis: Cray Res.
73. Mercker, E. 1986. A blockage correction for automotive testing in a wind tunnel with closed test section. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 22: 149-67
74. Mercker, E., Knape, H. W. 1989. Ground simulation with moving belt and tangential blowing for full scale automotive testing in a wind tunnel. SAE Pap. 890 248
75. Mercker, E., Wiedemann, J. 1990. Comparison of different ground simulation techniques for use in automotive wind tunnels. SAE Pap. 900 321
76. Mercker, E., Breuer, N., Berneburg, H., Emmelmann, H.-J. 1991. On the aerodynamic interference due to the rolling wheels of passenger cars. SAE Pap. 910 311
77. Moerchen, W. 1968. The climatic wind tunnel of Volkswagenwerk AG. SAE Pap. 680 120
78. Morel, T. 1978a. The effect of base slant on the flow pattern and drag of threedimensional bodies with blunt ends. See Sovran et al. 1978, pp. 191-226
79. Morel, T. 1978b. Aerodynamic drag of bluff body shapes characteristic of hatch-back cars. SAE Pap. 780 267
80. Nouzawa, T., Haruna, S., Hiasa, K., Nakamura, T., Sato, H. 1990. Analysis of wake pattern for reducing aerodynamic drag of notchback model. SAE Pap. 900 318
81. Nouzawa, T., Hiasa, K., Nakamura, T., Kawamoto, A. 1992. Unsteady-wake analysis of the aerodynamic drag of a notchback model with critical afterbody geometry. SAE Pap. 920 202
82. Ogata, N., Iida, N., Fuji, Y. 1987. Nissan's low-noise full scale wind tunnel. SAE Pap. 870 250
83. Ono, K., Himeno, R., Fujitani, K., Uematsu, Y. 1992. Simultaneous computation of the external flow around a car body and the internal flow through its engine compartment. SAE Pap. 920 342
84. Onorato, M., Costelli, A. F., Garrone, A. 1984. Drag measurement through wake analysis. SAE Pap. 840 302
85. Piatek, R. 1987. Operation, safety and comfort. See Hucho 1987a, Chap. 6
86. Piech, F. 1992. 3 Liter/100 km im Jahr 2000. Automobiltech. Z. 94: 20-23
87. Rauser, M., Eberius, J. 1987. Verbesserung der Fahrzeugaerodynamik durch Unterbodengestaltung. Automobiltech. Z. 89: 535-42
88. Retzlaff, R. N., Hertz, P. B. 1990. Airfoil plan-view body shapes to reduce drag at yaw. SAE Pap. 900 314
89. Rose, M. J. 1984. Appraisal and modification of an empirical method for predicting the aerodynamic drag of cars. MIRA Released Rep. 1984/1
90. SAE 1990. Aerodynamic testing of road vehicles: open-jet wind tunnel boundary interference. SAE Inform. Rep. J 2071
91. SAE 1991. Aerodynamic testing of road vehicles: closed-test-section wind tunnel boundary interference. SAE Inform. Rep. J 2085
92. Schaub, U. W., Olson, M. E., Raimondo, S. 1990. Correction of wind tunnel force data for yawed full and half-scale truck models using a modified pressure-signature method. SAE Pap. 900 187
93. Sorgatz, U., Buchheim, R. 1982. Untersuchungen zum Seitenwindverhalten zukuenftiger Fahrzeuge. Automobiltech. Z. 84: 11-18
94. Sovran, G. 1983. Tractive-energy-based formulae for the impact of aerodynamics on fuel economy over the EPA driving schedules. SAE Pap. 830 304
95. Sovran, G. 1984. The effect of ambient wind on a road vehicle's aerodynamic work requirement and fuel consumption. SAE Pap. 840 298
96. Sovran, G., Morel, T., Mason, W. T., eds. 1978. Aerodynamic Drag Mechanisms of Bluff Bodies and Road Vehicles. New York: Plenum
97. Sovran, G., Bohn, M. S. 1981. Formulae for the tractive-energy requirements of vehicles driving the EPA schedules. SAE Pap. 810 184
98. Squire, H. B., Pankhurst, R. C. 1952. ARC CP 80
99. Stafford, L. G. 1973. A numerical method for the calculation of the flow around a motor vehicle. Proc. Adv. Road Veh. Aerodyn. BHRA Fluid Eng., Cranfield, pp. 167-83
100. Stapleford, W. R., Carr, G. W. 1971. Aerodynamic noise in road vehicles. MIRA Rep. 1971/2
101. Stollery, J. L., Burns, W. K. 1969. Forces on bodies in the presence of the ground. Proc. 1st Symp. on Road Veh. Aerodynam., London, Nov. 6-7
102. Tsuboi, K., Shirayama, S., Oana, M., Kuwahara, K. 1988. Computational study of the effect of base slant. See Marino 1988, pp. 257-72
103. Vagt, J.-D., Wolff, B. 1987. Das neue Messzentrum fuer Aerodynamik - Zwei neue Windkanaele bei Porsche. Teil 1: Automobiltech. Z. 89: 121-29; Teil 2: Automobiltech. Z. 89: 183-89
104. Vagt, J.-D., Wolff, B. 1987. Das neue Messzentrum fuer Aerodynamik - Zwei neue Windkanaele bei Porsche. Teil 1: Automobiltech. Z. 89: 121-29; Teil 2: Automobiltech. Z. 89: 183-89
105. von Schulz-Hausmann, K., Vagt, J.-D. 1988. Influence of test section length and collector area on measurements in 3/4-openjet automotive wind tunnels. SAE Pap. 880 251
106. White, R. G. S. 1967. A rating method for assessing vehicle aerodynamic drag coefficients. MIRA Rep. 167/9
107. Wiedemann, J. 1986. Optimierung der Kraftfahrzeugdurchstroemung zur Steigerung des aerodynamischen Abtriebes. Aulomobiltech. Z. 88: 429-31
108. Wiedemann, J., Ewald, B. 1989. Turbulence manipulation to increase effective Reynolds numbers in vehicle aerodynamics. AIAA J. 27: 763-69
109. Williams. J. E., Hackett, J. E. Oler, J. W. Hamar, L. 1991. Water flow simulation of automotive underhood airflow phenomena. SAE Pap. 910 307
110. Willumeit, H. P., Matheis, A., Mueller, K. 1991. Korrelation von Untersuchungsergebnissen zur Seitenwindempfindlichkeit eines Pkw im Fahrsimulator und Prueffeld. Automobiltech. Z. 93: 28-35
111. Wright, P. G. 1983. The influence of aerodynamics on the design of Formula-One racing cars. Int. J. Veh. Des., SP 3: 158-72