Intercalation chemistry

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 260-267

  Ouvrard, Guy ^a   Guyomard, Dominique ^a  

^a INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX JEAN ROUXEL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000184051     PISSN: 13590286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-0286(96)80093-3     Document Type: Article

References (70)

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2. Dresselhaus MS (Ed): Intercalation in layered materials. New York: Plenum Press; 1986.
3. Legrand AP, Flandrois S (Eds):Chemical physics of intercalation. New York: Plenum Press; 1987.
4. Bernier P, Fisher JE, Roth S, Solin SA (Eds): Chemical physics of intercalation II. New York: Plenum Press; 1993.
5. Müller-Warmuth W, Schöllhorn R (Eds): Progress in intercalation research. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994.
6. 4, a new graphite intercalation compound. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Tec A 1994, 244:41-46. This study shows for the first time the importance of a very small amount of oxygen, even as an impurity, in stabilizing a much larger amount of intercalated potassium into graphite. In effect the presence of oxygen atoms allows two sheets of potassium to intercalate.
7. Mordkovich VZ, Ohyi Y, Yoshimura S, Hino S, Yamashita T, Enoki T: Potassium oxygen graphite intercalation compounds. Synthet Metal 1994, 68:79-83.
8. El Gadi M, Herold A, Herold C, Lagrange P, Lelaurain M, Mareche JF: A new graphite intercalation compound containing sodium associated with oxygen. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Tec A 1994, 244:29-34. As already observed in potassium intercalates, this study shows that oxygen improves sodium intercalation in graphite. This time, only a second stage phase is obtained. The amount of oxygen is larger than for potassium derivatives and corresponds to the existence of sodium peroxide. This paper eloquently poses the question of charge transfer between the different species.
9. Essadek A, Herold C, Lagrange P: Intercalation deintercalation phenomena in a graphite-sodium-oxygen compound under potassium vapour. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser II 1994, 319:1009-1012. A new intercalation-exchange reaction is described in which potassium reacts with second stage sodium-oxygen intercalated graphite. It appears that, after intercalation, potassium tends to expel sodium and use oxygen for its own stabilization.
10. Herold A, Lelaurain M, Mareche JF, McRae E: Cointercalation of sodium and its halides into graphite. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser II 1995, 321:61-67.
11. Guerard D, Nalimova VA: Crystalline structure of Li and Cs graphite superdense phases. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Tec A 1994, 244:263-268.
12. Mordkovich VZ: Model for constitution of graphite intercalation compounds. Synthet Metal 1994, 63:1-6. A very interesting model is proposed which may explain superdense graphite intercalation compounds. It is based on a hypothetical elasticity of both the intercalant and the host structure. This hypothesis is supported by structural data and compressibility constants.
13. Zheng T, Reimers JN, Dahn J: Effect of turbostratic disorder in graphitic carbon hosts on the intercalation of lithium. Phys Rev B 1995, 51:734-741. The turbostratic disorder is calculated from X-ray diffraction data and a direct relation between this disorder and the capacity of the graphitic carbon is established. From this result a simple model is developed, which considers the influence of blocked galleries in the staging phenomenon.
14. Tatsumi K, Iwashita N, Sakaebe H, Shioyama H, Higuchi S, Mabuchi A, Fujimoto H: The influence of the graphitic structure on the electrochemical characteristics for the anode of secondary lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc 1995, 142:716-720.
15. Zheng T, Dahn JR: The effect of turbostratic disorder on the staging transitions in lithium intercalated graphite. Synthet Metal 1995, 73:1-7.
16. Satoh A, Takami N, Ohsaki T: Electrochemical intercalation of lithium into graphitized carbons. Solid State Ionics 1995, 80:291-298. X-ray diffraction data on lithium-intercalated graphitized carbons show that lithium is first intercalated into turbostratic disordered layers. In this sense it is a bit contradictory with [11], but it agrees with the general behavior.
17. Dahn JR, Zheng T, Liu Y, Xue JS: Mechanisms for lithium insertion in carbonaceous materials. Science 1995, 270:590-593. This paper presents very nicely the three different types of carbonaceous materials which can be used as negative electrodes in lithium batteries. For each one, a clear description is given of the structure and the interaction mechanism with lithium.
18. Rosseinsky MJ: Fullerene intercalation chemistry. J Mater Chem 1995, 5:1497-1513. This is a review about the synthesis, crystal chemistry and electronic properties of metal fullerides and is especially devoted to their intercalation properties.
19. 60 system. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Tec A 1994, 245:307-312.
20. 60 prepared from sodium azide. Synthet Metal 1995, 70:1369-1370.
21. 2. Chem Mater 1995, 7:1132-1139. From X-ray diffraction data, the structure of the title compound has been solved. It presents many uncommon aspects in its intercalation chemistry. Primarily neutral Hg is intercalated as chains which are non-commensurate with the host structure. Nevertheless, for the first time in lamellar transition metal chalcogenides, the slabs of the host structure are shown to be distorted upon intercalation.
22. 2. Chem Mater 1995, 7:1140-1152. This study complements very well the preceding reference work in the structural study. By an in situ deintercalation study, an intermediate phase can be detected which explains the structural mechanism for mercury deintercalation.
23. 2 (x=0.58, 1.19, and 1.3). Phys Rev B 1995, 52:11359-11371.
24. 2. Inorg Chem 1995, 34:5496-5500.
25. McKelvy M, Sidorov M, Marie A, Sharma R, Glaunsinger W: Dynamic atomic-level investigation of deintercalation processes of mercury titanium disulfide intercalates. Chem Mater 1994, 6:2233-2245. This very careful study of mercury deintercalation takes advantage of the good image contrast and mobility of intercalated mercury. It sheds a new light on the deintercalationn process, especially the influence of structural defects.
26. 61, J Phys Chem Solids 1995, 56:69-78.
27. 2. From conjugated polymers to plastics. Detection of metal to insulator transition. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Tec A 1994, 245:249-254. An interesting new approach in intercalation chemistry is described which aims to combine the advantages of the polymers and the lamellar transition metal chacogenides.
28. Gu G, Schnatterly SE: Electronic structure of intercalated graphite studied by soft-x-ray-emission spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 1995, 52:5298-5301.
29. 3 graphite intercalation compounds. Solid State Commun 1995, 94:689-690.
30. Marchesan D, Chien TR, Wang G, Ummat PK, Datars WR: Electronic states in the stage-3 mercury chloride graphite Intercalation compound. Phys Rev B 1995, 52:9061-9065.
31. 60. An alternative is proposed, using unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations. It shows the important role played by electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions.
32. 60. This conclusion is based on a very careful experimental study which characterizes the filled electronic states.
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34. 2. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Tec A 1994, 244:391-396.
35. 2 studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. J Phys · Condens Matter 1995,6:7741-7760. This paper is a nice combination of experimental data which give a good description of the valence electronic states and of band structure calculations. A change in the dimensionality of the host structure upon intercalation is shown. Due to the in situ character of the studies, the authors are not able to make a decision on the actual charge transfer but they show that, once again, the rigid band model cannot explain the experimental results.
36. 2. Surface Sci 1995, 331-333:419-424.
37. 2, except with high lithium content in the second host structure, for which a complex behavior is shown.
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41. 5 system: an overview of the structure modifications induced by the lithium intercalation. Solid State Ionics 1994, 69:257-264.
42. 5. J Power Sources 1995, 54:406-410.
43. + ions in vanadium pentoxide gels.]
44. 5 xerogel. Denki Kagaku 1989, 57:29.
45. 5 xerogel films as intercalation hosts for lithium. J Electrochem Soc 1995, 142:1068-1073.
46. 5 as intercalation hosts. J Electrochem Soc 1995, 142:L102-L103.
47. Hibino M, Ugaji M, Kishimoto A, Kudo T: Preparation and lithium intercalation of a new vanadium oxide with a two-dimensional structure. Solid State Ionics 1995, 79:239-244.
48. 8.
49. Pistoia G, Wang G, Zane D: Mixed Na/K vanadates for rechargeable Li batteries. Solid State Ionics 1995, 76:285-290.
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52. Leroux F, Guyomard D, Piffard Y: The 2D Rancieite-type manganic acid and its alkali-exchanged derivatives: Part I - Chemical characterization and thermal behavior. Solid State Ionics 1995, 80:299-306.
53. Leroux F, Guyomard D, Piffard Y: The 2D Rancieite-type manganic acid and its alkali-exchanged derivatives: Part II -Electrochemical behavior. Solid State Ionics 1995, 80:307-316.
54. Ohzuku T, Ueda A: Why transition metal (di)oxides are the most attractive materials for batteries. Solid State Ionics 1994, 69:201-211. From the general and simple considerations developed in this paper, it appears clear why transition metal (di)oxides are the most attractive materials for batteries in terms of historical background, volumetric capacity, operating voltage and availability of materials. The authors provide an interesting overview.
55. 4 spinel on its electrochemical behavior and presents new results in both basic and applied fields. The capacity loss upon cycling is correlated to the local structure of the spinel and a mechanism for this loss is proposed. It is shown that the 4.5 V process can be used as an indicator of electrochemically optimized materials.
56. 4±δ as a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc 1995, 142:2149-2156.
57. Gummow RJ, De Kock A, Thackeray MM: Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4V lithium/lithium manganese oxide (spinel) cells. Solid State Ionics 1994, 69:59-67.
58. 2 samples with variable cationic disorder. J Mater Chem 1995, 5:1919-1925.
59. 2: Influence of the grain size and of the cationic disorder. Solid State Ionics 1996, in press.
60. 2 materials. These electrolytes are also compatible with petroleum coke or graphite negative electrodes down to 0 V. They increase the cycle life and decrease the self-discharge rate of Li-ion cells. Such electrolyte compositions are now widely used by both university and industrial laboratories.
61. 4: a 4.8 V electrode material for lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 1994, 141:2279-2282.
62. 4 (0≤y≤1). Solid State Ionics 1995, 81:167-170.
63. Sigala C, Guyomard D, Piffard Y, Tournoux M: Synthesis and performances of new negative electrode materials for rockingchair lithium batteries. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser II 1995, 320:523-529. The first report showing that some amorphous transition metal oxides deliver reversible outstanding specific capacities (about 3.5 Li atoms per transition element) at low voltage, with no destruction of the structure.
64. 4 for rechargeable lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 1995, 142:1431-1435. The peculiar cycling behavior of this lithium titanate demonstrates the general belief that the mechanical strain due to variation of cell dimensions during lithium intercalation is the main origin of the capacity loss generally observed upon cycling.
65. Li W, McKinnon WR, Dahn JR: Lithium intercalation from aqueous electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 1994, 141:2310-2316.
66. Li W, Dann JR, Wainwright DS: Rechargeable lithium batteries with aqueous electrolytes. Science 1994, 264:1115-1118. An interesting idea leading to fundamentally safe and low-cost batteries that can compete with nickel-cadmium and lead-acid batteries on the basis of specific energy.
67. Li W, Dahn JR: Lithium-ion cells with aqueous electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 1995, 142:1742-1746.
68. Deutscher RL, Florence TM, Woods R: Investigations on an aqueous lithium secondary cell. J Power Sources 1995, 55:41-46.
69. 2 system.
70. Kordesch K, Weissenbacher M: Rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide/zinc batteries. J Power Sources 1994, 51:61-78.