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11
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84927328712
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Y. David and H. Reeves, in Physical Cosmology, edited by R. Balian et al. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980) p. 443;
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15
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84927328643
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Report No. FERMILAB-Pub-85/170-A, 1985 (unpublished);
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16
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84927328642
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Report No. FERMILAB-Pub-87/99-A, 1987 (unpublished).
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28
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84927328639
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L. J. Hall, in Cosmology and Particle Physics, proceedings of the Theoretical Workshop, Berkeley, California, 1986, edited by Ian Hinchliffe (World Scientific, Singapore, 1987); M. C. Bento, L. Hall, and G. G. Ross, Oxford University report, 1987 (unpublished).
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37
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-
84927328636
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-
We have used L. Kawano's version of the Wagoner code. Details about the solution of the coupled differential equations appear in Ref. 1. The program incorporates the new Li7 reaction rates described in L. Kawano, D. Schramm, and G. Steigman, Ohio State University report, 1987 (unpublished).
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41
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-
84927328635
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-
and references therein.
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43
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84927328634
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-
Kawano, Schramm, and Steigman (Ref. 20), and references therein.
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44
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84927328633
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In principle, Li6 could also be used to constrain decaying X particles. At present, the experimental results for the Li6 abundance are controversial, so we rely only on the He4 , He3, and D limits for our presentation here. Additional constraints could only strengthen our bounds. Actually, a generic feature of our calculation is that the ratio Xi6 / Xi7 << 1, as in the standard BBN scenario.
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45
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84927328632
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Let us assume that each antinucleon annihilates on He4 with probability { case 1 over 4 } and releases 1.5 neutrons per annihilation. Further, assume that each fast neutron undergoes one collision with a He4 nucleus while slowing from energies of a few GeV to less than 50 MeV and each of these collisions results in two free neutrons. Finally, for simplicity, let all neutrons end up in deuterium. Then for each injected neutron, we get the initial neutron, two neutrons from the high-energy n4He collision, and 0.75 neutrons from annihilation of antibaryons on He4. The result is 3.75 deuterons per neutron injected. DEHS (Ref. 17) have done a more detailed analysis of this process for the time range 105– 106 sec and conclude that as many as five He4 nuclei may be disrupted per injected neutron. Of course, at that time not all free neutrons end up as deuterium.
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52
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84927328630
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R. Felst, in Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies, proceedings of the 10th International Symposium, Bonn, 1981, edited by W. Pfeil (Bonn University, Physics Institute, Bonn, Germany, 1981), p. 52;
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54
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84927328629
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M. Shapiro, Ph.D. thesis, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL-18820, 1984.
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55
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84927328628
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A similar effect is considered in Refs. 11 and 16, however, our numerical conclusions differ for a variety of reasons. See Sec. IVB1.
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56
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84927328627
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See, however, Ref. 17.
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62
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84927328626
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This value of τ G̃ is larger than that given in Ref. 39 by a factor of π / 2.
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63
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84927328625
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The results in Ref. 9 are comparable to those of Ellis, Nanopoulos, and Sarkar in Ref. 8 but markedly stronger than those of Kawasaki and Sato in Ref. 8.
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64
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84927328624
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We note that there is apparently a difference between our computer code and that of Ref. 11, as we find Y = 0 . 257 for η = 7 times 10-9, τ1/2= 10.4 min, and Nν= 2 with no X decays, whereas Dominguez-Tenreiro apparently finds Y <= 0. 25.
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73
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-
84927328623
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Dawson (Ref. 43);
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77
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84927328622
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We use the notation (without generation labels) of Dawson (Ref. 43).
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86
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84927328620
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-
On the basis of cosmological arguments and accelerator experiments, Nν= 2 means that the mass of the tau neutrino is between 20–70 MeV. See Refs. 6 and 19.
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89
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-
84927328618
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Steigman, Olive, Schramm, and Turner (Ref. 22).
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91
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84927328617
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Berestetskii, Lifshitz, and Pitaevskii, Quantum Electrodynamics (Ref. 58), p. 638.
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