Antler growth and extinction of Irish elk

Evolutionary Ecology Research

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 235-249

  Moen, Ron A ^a   Pastor, John ^a   Cohen, Yosef ^b  

^a Natural Resources Research Institute   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antlers; Cervidae; Energetics; Irish elk; Megaloceros giganteus; Metabolism; Mineral nutrition; Nutrient requirements; Simulation model

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000121038     PISSN: 15220613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The Nutrient Requirements on Ruminant Livestock. Slough, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.
2. Ahlberg, K., Almgren, E., Wright, H.E., Ito, E. and Hobbie, S. 1996. Oxygen isotope record of late glacial climatic change in western Ireland. Boreas, 25: 257-267.
3. Banks, W.J., Epling, G.P., Kainer, R.A. and Davis, R.W. 1968. Antler growth and osteoporosis. II. Gravimetric and chemical changes in the coastal compacta during the antler growth cycle. Anatomical Record, 162: 399-405.
4. Barnosky, A.D. 1985. Taphonomy and herd structure of the extinct Irish elk, Megaloceros giganteus. Science, 228: 340-344.
5. Barnosky, A.D. 1986. Big game extinction caused by late Pleistocene climatic change: Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) in Ireland. Quat. Res., 25: 128-135.
6. Berger, A.L. 1978. Long-term variations of caloric solar radiation resulting from the earth's orbital elements. Quat. Res., 9: 139-167.
7. Berger, A.L. 1992. Astronomical theory of paleoclimates and the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Quat. Sci. Rev., 11: 571-581.
8. Bergerud, A.T. 1976. The annual antler cycle in Newfoundland caribou. Can. Field Nat., 90: 449-463.
9. Braithwaite, G.D. 1983. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation. I. Calcium. Br. J. Nutr., 50: 711-722.
10. Bubenik, A.B. 1998. Evolution, taxonomy, and morphophysiology. In Ecology and Management of the North American Moose (A.W. Franzmann and C.C. Schwartz, eds), pp. 77-123. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
11. Buckwalter, J.A., Glimcher, M.J., Cooper, R.R. and Recker, R. 1995. Bone biology: Part II. Formation, form, modeling, remodeling and regulation of cell function. J. Bone Joint Surg., 77A: 1256-1289.
12. Chapin, F.S., III. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 11: 233-260.
13. Chapin, F.S., III, Shaver, G.R. and Kedrowski, R.A. 1986. Environmental controls over carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fractions in Eriophorum vaginatum in Alaskan tussock tundra. J. Ecol., 74: 167-195.
14. Chapman, D.I. 1975. Antlers - bones of contention. Mammal Rev., 5: 121-172.
15. Chase, L.A., Studier, E.H. and Thorisson, S. 1994. Aspects of nitrogen and mineral nutrition in Icelandic reindeer, Rangifer tarandus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 109B: 63-73.
16. Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1982. The functions of antlers. Behaviour, 79: 108-125.
17. Clutton-Brock, T.H. and Albon, D.S. 1980. Antlers, body size and breeding group size in the Cervidae. Nature, 285: 565-567.
18. Coope, G.R. 1973. The ancient world of 'Megaceros'. Deer, 2: 974-977.
19. Franzmann, A.W., LeResche, R.E., Rausch, R.A. and Oldemeyer, J.L. 1978. Alaskan moose measurements and weights and measurement-weight relationships. Can. J. Zool., 56: 298-306.
20. Geist, V. 1987. On the evolution of optical signals in deer: A preliminary analysis. In Biology and Management of the Cervidae (C.M. Wemmer, ed.), pp. 235-255. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
21. Gillingham, M.P. and Bunnell, F.L. 1985. Foraging behaviour: Dynamics of dining out. In Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores (R.J. Hudson and R.G. White, eds), pp. 53-79. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
22. Goss, R.J. 1983. Deer Antlers: Regeneration, Function, and Evolution. New York: Academic Press.
23. Goss, R.J. 1995. Future directions in antler research. Anatomical Record, 241: 291-302.
24. Gould, S.J. 1974. The origin and function of 'bizarre' structures: Antler size and skull size in the 'Irish elk', Megaloceros giganteus. Evolution, 28: 191-220.
25. Grasman, B.T. and Hellgren, E.C. 1993. Phosphorus nutrition in white-tailed deer: Nutrient balance, physiological responses, and antler growth. Ecology, 74: 2279-2296.
26. Guthrie, R.D. 1984. Alaskan megabucks, megabulls, and megarams: The issue of Pleistocene gigantism. In Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday (H.H. Genoways and M.R. Dawson, eds), pp. 482-510. Special Publication No. 8. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
27. Heaney, R.P. 1990. Calcium. In Calcium Metabolism, Vol. 4 (J.A. Kanis, ed.), pp. 28-54. Basel: Karger.
28. Hudson, R.J. and White, R.G. 1985. Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
29. Jefferies, R.L., Klein, D.R. and Shaver, G.R. 1994. Vertebrate herbivores and northern plant communities: Reciprocal influences and responses. Oikos, 71: 193-206.
30. Kitchener, A. 1987. Fighting behaviour of the extinct Irish elk. Mod. Geol., 11: 1-28.
31. Kitchener, A.C., Bacon, G.E. and Vincent, J.F.V. 1994. Orientation in antler bone and the expected stress distribution, studied by neutron diffraction. Biometrics, 2: 297-307.
32. Kubota, J. 1974. Mineral composition of browse plants for moose. Nat. Can., 101: 291-305.
33. Lister, A.M. 1994. The evolution of the giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 112: 65-100.
34. Mitchell, G.F. and Parkes, H.M. 1949. The giant deer in Ireland. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 52B: 291-314.
35. Moen, A.N. 1978. Seasonal changes in heart rates, activity, metabolism, and forage intake of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage., 42: 715-738.
36. Moen, R.A. and DelGuidice, G.D. 1997. Simulating nitrogen metabolism and urinary urea nitrogen: Creatinine ratios in ruminants. J. Wildl. Manage., 61: 881-894.
37. Moen, R.A. and Pastor, J. 1998a. A model to predict nutritional requirements for antler growth in moose. Alces, 34: 59-74.
38. Moen, R.A. and Pastor, J. 1998b. Simulating antler growth and energy, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus metabolism in caribou. Rangifer Spec. Issue, 10: 85-97.
39. Moen, R.A., Pastor, J. and Cohen, Y. 1997. A spatially explicit model of moose foraging and energetics. Ecology, 78: 505-521.
40. Muir, P.D. Sykes, A.R. and Barrell, G.K. 1987. Calcium metabolism in red deer (Cervus elaphus) offered herbages during antlerogenesis: Kinetic and stable balance studies. J. Agric. Sci., 109: 357-364.
41. Oldemeyer, J.L., Franzmann, A.W., Brundage, A.L., Arneson, P.D. and Flynn, A. 1977. Browse quality and the Kenai moose population. J. Wildl. Manage., 41: 533-542.
42. Parfitt, A.M. 1981 Integration of skeletal and mineral homeostasis. In Osteoporosis (H.F. De Luca, H.M. Frost, W.S.S. Jee, C.C. Johnson Jr. and A.M. Parfitt, eds), pp. 115-126. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
43. Schwartz, C.C., Regelin, W.L. and Franzmann, A.W. 1987. Seasonal weight dynamics of moose. Swedish Wildl. Res., 1 (suppl.): 301-310.
44. Shaver, G.R. and Chapin, F.S., III. 1991. Production: Biomass relationships and elemental cycling in contrasting Arctic vegetation types. Ecol. Monogr., 61: 1-31.
45. Smith D.M., Khairi, M.R.A. and Johnston, C.C., Jr. 1975. The loss of bone mineral with aging and its relationship to risk of fracture. J. Clin. Invest., 56: 311-318.
46. Staaland, H. and Saebo, S. 1993. Forage diversity and nutrient supply of reindeer. Rangifer, 13: 169-177.
47. Staaland, H., Brattbakk, I., Ekern, K. and Kildemo, K. 1983. Chemical composition of reindeer forage plants in Svalbard and Norway. Holarctic Ecol., 6: 109-122.
48. Stephenson, D.C. and Brown, R.D. 1984. Calcium kinetics in white-tailed deer. J. Nutr., 114: 1014-1024.
49. Stuart, A.W. 1991. Mammalian extinctions in the late Pleistocene of northern Eurasia and North America. Biol. Rev., 66: 453-562.
50. Tataruch, F. and Wolfsperger, M. 1995. Chemical analyses of the antlers of prehistoric red deer and giant elk. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft, 41: 225-228.
51. Van Ballenberghe, V. 1982. Growth and development of moose antlers in Alaska. In Antler Development in Cervidae (R.D. Brown, ed.), pp. 37-48. Kingsville, TX: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute.
52. Woodman, P., McCarthy, M. and Monaghan, N. 1997. The Irish quaternary fauna project. Quat. Sci. Rev., 16: 129-159.