Seasonal affective disorder

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 275-290

  Lee, Tatia M C ^a   Chen, Eric Y H ^a   Chan, Chetwyn C H ^b   Paterson, John G ^c   Janzen, Henry L ^c   Blashko, Carl A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d Cedars Professional Pk   (Canada)

Author keywords

Phototherapy; Psychopathology; Seasonal affective disorder

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000120917     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00150.x     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Adam, K. (1977). Brain rhythm that correlates with obesity. British Medical Journal, July, 234.
2. Allen, J. J., Iacono, W. G., Depue, R. A., & Arbisi, P. (1993). Regional electroencephalographic asymmetries in bipolar seasonal affective disorder before and after exposure to bright light. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 642-646.
3. Allen, J. M., Lam, R. W., & Remick, R. A. (1993). Depressive symptoms and family history in seasonal and nonseasonal mood disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443-448.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Aschoff, J. (1984). Circadian timing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 442-468.
7. Aschoff, J., & Tokura, H. (1986). Circadian activity rhythms in squirrel monkeys: Entrainment by temperature cycles. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 1, 91-99.
8. Avery, D. H., Khan, A., Dager, S. R., Cohen, S., Cox, G. B., & Dunner, D. L. (1991). Morning or evening bright light treatment of winter depression? Significance of hypersomnia. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 117-126.
9. Avery, D. H., Khan, A., Dager, S. R., Cox, G. B., & Dunner, D. L. (1990). Bright light treatment of winter depression: Morning versus evening light. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 335-338.
10. Bartko, J. J., & Kasper, S. (1989). Seasonal changes in mood and behavior: A cluster analytic approach. Psychiatry Research, 28, 227-239.
11. Bauer, M. S., Kurtz, J. W., Rubin, L. B., & Marcus, J. G. (1994). Mood and behavioral effects of four-week light treatment in winter depressives and controls. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 28, 135-145.
12. Bielski, R. J., Mayor, J., & Rice, J. (1992). Phototherapy with broad spectrum white fluorescent light: A comparative study. Psychiatry Research, 43, 167-175.
13. Blehar, M. C., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989a). Introduction and overview. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorders (pp. 1-7). New York: Guilford Press.
14. Blehar, M. C., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989b). Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy: Report of a National Institute of Mental Health-sponsored workshop. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 469-474.
15. Borreguero, G. D., Jacobsen, F. M., & Murphy, D. L. (1995). Hormonal responses to the administration of m-chlorophenylpiperazine in patients with seasonal affective disorder and controls. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 740-749.
16. Boyce, P., & Parker, G. (1988). Seasonal affective disorder in the southern hemisphere. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 96-99.
17. Brainard, G. C., Sherry, D., Skwerer, R. G., Waxler, K. K., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1990). Effects of different wavelengths in seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 20, 209-216.
18. Brown, W. A. (1990). Is light treatment a placebo? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 527-530.
19. Buguet, A., Gati, R., & Soubiran, J. P. (1988). Seasonal changes in circadian rhythms of body temperatures in humans living in a dry tropical climate. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 334-339.
20. Coiro, V., Volpi, R., Marchesi, C., De Ferri, A., Davoli, C., Caffarra, P., Rossi, G., Caffarri, G., Davolio, M., & Chiodera, P. (1993). Abnormal serotonergic control of prolactin and cortisol secretion in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 18, 551-556.
21. Daimon, K., Yamada, N., & Tsujimoto, T. (1992). Circadian rhythm abnormalities of deep body temperature in depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 26, 191-198.
22. Deltito, J. A., Moline, M., Pollak, C., Martin, L. Y., & Maremmani, I. (1991). Effects of phototherapy on non-seasonal unipolar and bipolar depressive spectrum disorders. Journal of Affective Disorder, 23, 231-237.
23. Depue, R. A., Arbisi, P., Spoont, M. R., Leon, A., & Ainsworth, B. (1989). Dopamine functioning in the behavioral facilitation system and seasonal variation in behavior: Normal population and clinical studies. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorder & phototherapy (pp. 230-259). New York: Guilford Press.
24. Dilsaver, S. C., Del Medico, V. J., & Quadri, A. (1990). Pharmacological responsiveness of winter depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 303-309.
25. Dilsaver, S. C., & Jaeckle, R. S. (1990). Winter depression responds to an open trial of tranylcypromine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 326-329.
26. Eastman, C. I. (1990). Natural summer and winter sunlight exposure patterns in seasonal affective disorder. Physiology and Behavior, 48, 611-616.
27. Eastman, C. I., Lahmeyer, H. W., Watell, L. G., Good, G. D., & Young, M. A. (1992). A placebo-controlled trial of light treatment for winter depression. Journal of Affective Disorder, 26, 211-222.
28. Eastman, C. I., Young, M. A., & Fogg, L. F. (1993). A comparison of two different placebo-controlled SAD light treatment studies. In L. Wetterberg (Ed.), Light and biological rhythms in man (pp. 371-383). New York: Pergamon Press.
29. Easton, M. S. (1990). Seasonal affective disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 3, 54-57.
30. Fleischhacker, W. W., & Kasper, S. (1991). [Letter to the editor]. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 1159-1160.
31. Fleischhauer, J., Glauser, G., & Hofstetter, P. (1988). The influence of light therapy in depressive patients. Pharmacopsychiatry, 21, 414-415.
32. Gupta, R. (1988). Alternative patterns of seasonal affective disorder: Three case reports from north India. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 515-516.
33. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
34. Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 278-296.
35. Hardin, T. A., Wehr, T. A., & Brewerton, T. (1991). Evaluation of seasonality in six clinical populations and two normal populations. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 25, 75-87.
36. Haug, D. J. (1990). On the frequency of "diurnal variations" of mood in psychiatric patients - seasonal aspects. In D. K. Hayes, J. E. Pauly, & R. J. Reiter (Eds.), Chronobiology: Its role in clinical medicine, general biology, and agriculture, Part B (pp. 105-111). New York: Wiley.
37. Hellekson, C. J. (1989). Phenomenology of seasonal affective disorder: An Alaskan perspective. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy (pp. 33-45). New York: Guilford Press.
38. Hellekson, C. J., Kline, J. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1986). Phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder in Alaska. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1035-1037.
39. Hill, M. A. (1992). Light, circadian rhythms, and mood disorders: A review. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 4, 131-146.
40. Hunt, N., Sayer, H., & Silverstone, T. (1992). Season and manic relapse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85, 123-126.
41. Isaacs, G., Stainer, D. S., Sensky, T. E., Moor, S., & Thompson, C. (1988). Phototherapy and its mechanisms of action in seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorder, 14, 13-19.
42. Jacobsen, F. M., Mueller, E. A., Rosenthal, N. E., Rogers, S., Hill, J. L., & Murphy, D. L. (1994). Behavioral responses to intravenous meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in patients with seasonal affective disorder and control subjects before and after phototherapy. Psychiatry Research, 52, 181-197.
43. Jacobsen, F. M., Murphy, D. L., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989). The role of serotonin in seasonal affective disorder and the antidepressant response to phototherapy. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorder & phototherapy (pp. 333-341). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Jacobsen, F. M., Sack, D. A., Wehr, T. A., Rogers, S., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1987). Neuroendocrine responses to 5-hydroxytryptophan in seasonal affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1086-1091.
45. Jacobsen, F. M., Wehr, T. A., Sack, D. A., James, S. D., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1987). Seasonal affective disorder: A review of the syndrome and its public health implications. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 57-60.
46. Jacobsen, F. M., Wehr, T. A., Skwerer, R. A., Sack, D. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1987). Morning venus midday phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144, 1301-1305.
47. James, S. P., Parry, B. L., Sack, D. A., Parry, B. L., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1985). Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with evening light. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 424.
48. James, S. P., Wehr, T. A., Sack, D. A., Parry, B. L., Rogers, S., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1986). The dexamethasone suppression test in seasonal affective disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 21, 224-226.
49. Joffe, R. T, Moul, D. E., Lam, R. W., Levitt, A. J., Teicher, M. H., Lebegue, B., Oren, D. A., Buchanan, A., Glod, C. A., Murray, M. G., Brown, J., & Schwartz, P. (1993). Light visor treatment for seasonal affective disorder: A multicenter study. Psychiatry Research, 46, 29-39.
50. Jouvet, M. (1969). Biogenic amines and the states of sleep. Science, 163, 32-41.
51. Kasper, S., Rogers, S. L. B., & Madden, P. A. (1990). The effects of phototherapy in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorder, 18, 211-219.
52. Kasper, S., Wehr, T. A., Battko, J. M., Gaist, P. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989). Epidemiological findings of seasonal changes in mood and behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 823-833.
53. Kerkhofs, M., & Mendlewicz, J. (1985). Preliminary findings in phototherapy of seasonal and non-seasonal depression. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 990-992.
54. Kripke, D. F. (1985). Therapeutic effects of bright light in depression. Annuals of New York Academy of Science, 453, 270-281.
55. Kripke, D. F., Mullaney, D. J., Klauber, M. R., Risch, S. C., & Gillin, J. C. (1992). Controlled trial of bright light for non-seasonal major depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 119-134.
56. Kripke, D. F., Risch, S. C., & Janowsky, D. (1983). Bright white light alleviates depression. Psychiatry Research, 10, 105-112.
57. Lam, R. W., Buchanan, A., Clark, C. M., & Remick, R. A. (1991). Ultraviolet versus non-ultraviolet light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, 213-216.
58. Lam, R. W., Buchanan, A., Mador, J. A., Corral, M. R., & Remick, R. A. (1992). The effects of ultraviolet-A wave-lengths in light therapy for seasonal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24, 237-244.
59. Lam, R. W., Gorman, C. P., Michalon, M., Steiner, M., Levitt, A. J., Corral, M. R., Watson, G. D., Morehouse, R. L., Tam, W., & Joffe, R. T. (1995). Multicenter, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in seasonal affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1765-1770.
60. Lam, R. W., Kripke, D. F., & Gillin, J. C. (1989). Phototherapy for depressive disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 140-147.
61. Lam, R. W., Zis, A. P., Grewal, A., Delgado, P. L., Charney, D. S., & Krystal, J. H. (1996). Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion in patients with seasonal affective disorder in remission after light therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 41-44.
62. Lee, T. M. C. (1995). Phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder - a meta-analytic review. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Alberta.
63. Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1986). Minireview: Light therapy and psychiatry. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 183, 11-18.
64. Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1987). Light therapy of chronobiological disorders. In A. Halaris (Ed.), Chronobiology and psychiatric disorders (pp. 181-206). New York: Elsevier.
65. Lewy, A. J., Sack, R. A., & Singer, C. L. (1985). Treating phase typed chronobiologic sleep and mood disorders using appropriately timed bright artificial light. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 21, 368-378.
66. Lewy, A. J., Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Newsome, P. A., & Markey, S. P. (1980). Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science, 210, 1267-1269.
67. Lingjaerde, O., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (1993). Characteristics of winter depression in the Oslo area (60 N). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88, 111-120.
68. Lucas, C. P. (1991). Seasonal affective disorder in adolescence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 863-865.
69. Mackert, A., Volz, H. P., Stieglitz, R. D., & Muller-Oerlinghausen, B. (1991). Phototherapy in nonseasonal depression. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 257-268.
70. Martinez, D., Ruhrmann, S., & Moller, H. J. (1994). Hypericum in the treatment of seasonal affective disorders. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7(Suppl. 1), S29-S33.
71. McGrath, R. E., Buckwald, B., & Resnick, E. V. (1990). The effect of L-tryptophan on seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 162-163.
72. Meesters, Y., Jansen, J. H. C., Lambers, P. A., Bouhuys, A. L., Beersma, D. G. M., & van den Hoofdakker, R. H. (1993). Morning and evening light treatment of seasonal affective disorder: Response, relapse and prediction. Journal of Affective Disorder, 28, 165-177.
73. Moller, S. E. (1992). Serotonin, carbohydrates, and atypical depression. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 71, 61-71.
74. Moore, R. Y., & Eichler, V. B. (1972). Loss of circadian adrenal corticosterone following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Research, 42, 201-206.
75. Moore, R. Y., & Lenn, N.J. (1972). A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 146, 1-14.
76. Mrosovsky, N. (1988). Phase response curves for social entrainment. Journal of Comparative Physiology, A162, 35-46.
77. Mrosovsky, N. (1989). Seasonal affective disorder, hibernation, and annual cycles in animals: Chipmunks in the sky. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorders (pp. 127-148). New York: Guilford Press.
78. Mueller, P. S. (1986). Seasonal affective disorders: Seasonal energy syndrome? [Letter to the editor]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 188.
79. Oren, D. A. (1991). Retinal melatonin and dopamine in seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 83, 85-95.
80. Oren, D. A. (1996). Humoral phototransduction: Blood is a messenger. The Neuroscientist, 2, 207-210.
81. Oren, D. A., Brainard, G. C., Johnston, S. H., Joseph-Vanderpool, J. R., Sorek, E., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1991). Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with green light and red light. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 163-170.
82. Oren, D. A., Moul, D. E., Schwartz, P. J., Wehr, T. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1994). A controlled trial of levodopa plus carbidopa in the treatment of winter seasonal affective disorder: A test of the dopamine hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 196-200.
83. Oren, D. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1992). Seasonal affective disorders. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorder (2nd ed., pp. 551-568). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
84. O'Rourke, D. A., Wurtman, J. J., Brzezinski, A., Nader, T. A., & Chew, B. (1987). Serotonin implicated in etiology of seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 23, 358-359.
85. Ozabi, N., Ono, Y., Ito, Y., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1995). Prevalence of seasonal difficulties in mood and behaviour among Japanese civil servants. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1225-1227.
86. Pittendrigh, C. S. (1981). Circadian systems: Entrainment. In J. Aschoff (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral neurobiology: Vol. 4. Biological rhythm (pp. 95-124). New York: Plenum Press.
87. Reme, C. E., Braschler, U., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1990). Disk-shedding in the rat retina: Lithium dampens the circadian rhythm but potentiates the light response. Brain Research, 523, 167-170.
88. Richter, P., Bouhuys, A. L., & Van den Hoofdakker, R. H. (1992). Imaginary versus real light for winter depression. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 534-536.
89. Roccatagliata, G. (1986). A history of ancient psychiatry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
90. Roelfsema, F. (1987). The influence of light on circadian rhythms. Experientia, 43, 7-13.
91. Roob, N. (1992). Patient experiences with seasonal affective disorders. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Alberta.
92. Rosen, L. N., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1991). Seasonal variations in mood and behavior in the general population: A factor-analytic approach. Psychiatry Research, 38, 271-283.
93. Rosen, L. N., Targum, S. D., Terman, M., Bryant, M. J., Hoffman, H., Kasper, S. F., Hamovit, J. R., Docherty, J. P., Welch, B., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1990). Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Research, 31, 131-144.
94. Rosenthal, N. (1986). In reply to the letter Seasonal affective disorders: Seasonal energy syndrome? by P. S. Mueller [Letter to the editor]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 188-189.
95. Rosenthal, N. E. (1993). Winter blues: Seasonal affective disorder. What it is and how to overcome it. New York: Guilford Press.
96. Rosenthal, N. E., Carpenter, C. J., James, S. P., Parry, D. L., Rogers, S. L. B., & Wehr, T. A. (1986). Seasonal affective disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal Psychiatry, 143, 356-358.
97. Rosenthal, N. E., Jacobsen, F. M., Sack, D. A., Arendt, J., James, S. P., Parry, B. L., & Wehr, T. A. (1988). Atenolol in seasonal affective disorder: A test of the melatonin hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 52-56.
98. Rosenthal, N. E., Sack, D. A., Gillin, J. C., Lewy, A. J., Goodwin, F. K., Davenport, Y., Mueller, P. S., Newsome, D. A., & Wehr, T. A. (1984). Seasonal affective disorder: A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 72-80.
99. Rosenthal, N. E., Sack, D. A., James, S. P., Parry, B. L., Mendelson, W. D., Tamarkin, L., & Wehr, T. A. (1985). Seasonal affective disorder and phototherapy. Annals of New York Academy of Science, 453, 260-269.
100. Rosenthal, N. E., Sack, D. A., Skwerer, R. G., Jacobsen, F. M., & Wehr, T. A. (1989). Phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy (pp. 273-295). New York: Guilford Press.
101. Rosenthal, N. E., Skwerer, R. G., Sack, D. A., Duncan, C. C., Jacobsen, F. M., Tamarkin, L., & Wehr, T. A. (1987). Biological effects of morning-plus-evening bright light treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23, 364-369.
102. Rosenthal, N. E., & Wehr, T. A. (1987). Seasonal affective disorders. Psychiatry Annals, 17, 670-674.
103. Sack, R. L., Lewy, A. J., White, D. M., Singer, C. M., Fireman, M. J., & Vandiver, R. (1990). Morning vs evening light treatment for winter depression: Evidence that the therapeutic effects of light are mediated by circadian phase shifts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 343-351.
104. Sakamoto, K., Nakadaira, S., Kamo, K., Kamo, T., & Takahashi, K. (1993). A nationwide survey of seasonal affective disorder at 53 outpatient university clinics in Japan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 258-265.
105. Sakamoto, K., Nakadaira, S., Kamo, K., Kamo, T., & Takahashi, K. (1995). A longitudinal follow-up study of seasonal affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 862-868.
106. Sayer, H. K., Marshall, S., & Mellsop, G. W. (1991). Mania and seasonality in the southern hemisphere. Journal of Affective Disorder, 23, 151-156.
107. Skwerer, R. G., Jacobsen, F. M., Duncan, C. C., Kelly, K. A., Sack, D. A., Tamarkin, L., Gaist, P. A., Kasper, S., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989). Neurobiology of seasonal affective disorder and phototherapy. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy (pp. 311-332). New York: Guilford Press.
108. Sonis, W. A., Yellin, A. M., Garfinkel, B. D., & Hoberman, H. H. (1987). The antidepressant effect of light in seasonal affective disorder of childhood and adolescence. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 23, 360-363.
109. Stewart, K. T., Gaddy, J. R., Byrne, B., Miller, S., & Brainard, G. (1991). Effects of green or white light for treatment of seasonal depression. Psychiatry Research, 38, 261-270.
110. Stinson, D., & Thompson, C. (1990). Clinical experience with phototherapy. Journal of Affective Disorder, 18, 129-135.
111. Stunkard, A. J. (1980). Obesity. Philadelphia: Saunders.
112. Szaba, C. P., & Blanche, M. J. (1995). Seasonal variation in mood disorder presentation: Further evidence of this phenomenon in a South Africa sample. Journal of Affective Disorder, 33, 209-214.
113. Takahashi, K., Asano, Y., Kohsaka, M., Okawa, M., Sasaki, M., Honda, Y., Higuchi, T., Yamazaki, J., Ishizuka, Y., Kawaguchi, K., Ohta, T., Hanada, K., Sugita, Y., Maeda, K., Nagayama, H., Kotorii, T., Egashira, K., & Takahashi, S. (1991). Multi-centre study of seasonal affective disorders in Japan. A preliminary report. Journal of Affective Disorder, 21, 57-65.
114. Terman, J. S., Terman, M., Schalager, D., Rafferty, B., Rosofsky, M., Link, M. J., Gallin, P. F., & Quitkin, F. M. (1990). Efficacy of brief, intense light exposure for treatment of winter depression. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 26, 3-11.
115. Terman, M. (1988). On the question of mechanism in phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: Consideration of clinical efficacy and epidemiology. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 3, 155-172.
116. Terman, M. (1989). Light therapy. In M. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (pp. 717-722). Philadelphia: Saunders.
117. Terman, M. (1993). Problems and prospects for use of bright light as a therapeutic intervention. In L. Wetteberg (Ed.), Light and biological rhythms in man (pp. 421-436). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
118. Terman, M., Quitkin, F. M., & Terman, J. S. (1987). The timing of phototherapy: Effects on clinical response and the melatonin cycle. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 23, 354-357.
119. Terman, M., Reme, C. E., Rafferty, B., Gallin, P. F., & Terman, J. S. (1990). Bright light therapy for winter depression: Potential ocular effects and theoretical implications. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 51, 781-792.
120. Terman, M., Terman, J. S., Quitkin, F. M., McGrath, P. J., Stewart, J. W., & Rafferty, B. (1989a). Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: A review of efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 1-22.
121. Terman, M., Terman, J. S., Quitkin, F. M., Stewart, P. J., Nuns, E. V., Wager, S. G., & Tricamo, E. (1989b). Dosing dimensions of light therapy duration and time of day. In C. Thompson & T. Silverstone (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorder (pp. 187-204). London: Clinical Neuroscience Publishers.
122. Terman, M., Terman, J. S., & Rafferty, B. (1990). Experimental design and measures of success in the treatment of winter depression by bright light. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 505-510.
123. Thase, M. E. (1989). Comparison between seasonal affective disorder and other forms of recurrent depression. In N. E. Rosenthal & M. C. Blehar (Eds.), Seasonal affective disorders (pp. 64-78). New York: Guilford Press.
124. Thompson, C., & Isaacs, G. (1988). Seasonal affective disorder - a British sample: Symptomatology in relation to mode of referral and diagnostic and subtype. Journal of Affective Disorder, 14, 1-11.
125. Thompson, C., Rahija, S. K., & King, E. A. (1995). A follow-up study of seasonal affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 380-384.
126. Vanderpool, J. R., Jacöbsen, F. M., Murphy, D. L., Hill, J. L., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1993). Seasonal variation in behavioral responses to m-CPP in patients with seasonal affective disorder and controls. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 496-504.
127. Volf, N. V., Senkova, N. I., Danilenko, K. V., & Putilov, A. A. (1993). Hemispheric language lateralization in seasonal affective disorder and light treatment. Psychiatry Research, 47, 99-108.
128. Volz, H. P., Mackert, A., Stieglitz, R. D., & Muller-Oerlinghausen, B. (1990). Effect of bright white light therapy on non-seasonal depressive disorder: Preliminary results. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19, 15-21.
129. Wehr, T. A., Jacobsen, F. M., Sack, D. A., Arendt J., Tamarkin, L., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1986). Phototherapy of seasonal affective disorder: Time of day and suppression of melatonin are not critical for antidepressant effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 870-875.
130. William, J. B. W. (1988). A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 742-747.
131. Williams, R. J., & Schmidt, G. G. (1993). Frequency of seasonal affective disorder among individuals seeking treatment at a northern Canadian mental health centre. Psychiatry Research, 46, 41-45.
132. Wirz-Justice, A. (1995). Biological rhythms in mood disorders. In F. E. Bloom & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress (pp. 1014-1015). New York: Raven Press.
133. Wirz-Justice, A., & Anderson, J. (1990). Morning light exposure for the treatment of winter depression: The one true light therapy. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 511-520.
134. Wirz-Justice, A., Bucheli, P., Graw, P., Kielholz, P., Fisch, H.-U., & Woggan, B. (1986). Light treatment of seasonal affective disorder in Switzerland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 74, 193-204.
135. Wirz-Justice, A., van der Velde, P., Bucher, A., & Nil, R. (1992). Comparison of light treatment with citalopram in winter depression: A longitudinal single case study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 109-116.
136. Wurtman, J. J. (1990). Carbohydrate craving relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood. Drugs, 39, 49-52.