The urochordate larva and archichordate organization: Chordate origin and anagenesis revisited

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 129-145

  Salvini Plawen, L V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

*Hemichordata*; Chordata; Deuterostomia; Evolution; Lecithotrophy; Phylogeny; Tentaculata; Tunicata

Indexed keywords

CEPHALOCHORDATA; CHORDATA; DEUTEROSTOMIA; ENTEROPNEUSTA; HARRIMANIIDAE; HEMICHORDATA; LOPHOPHORA; PTEROBRANCHIA; TENTACULATA; UROCHORDATA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0000086545     PISSN: 09475745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1998.tb00832.x     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Ax, P., 1966: Das chordoide Gewebe als histologisches Lebensformmerkmal der Sandlückenfauna des Meeres. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 19, 282-289.
2. Balinsky, B.I., 1981: An Introduction to Embryology. Philadelphia: Saunders Coll. Publ.
3. Baiser, E.; Ruppert, E., 1990: Structure, ultrastructure and function of the preoral heart-kidney complex in Saccoglossus koalevskii (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) including new data on the stomochord. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 73, 235-249.
4. Barnes, R., 1974: Invertebrate Zoology, 3rd ed., Philadelphia: W.S. Saunders Co.
5. Barrington, E., 1940: Observations on feeding and digestion in Glossobalanus minutus. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 82, 227-260.
6. _, 1965: The biology of Hemichordata and Prochordata, University Reviews of Biology (Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London) 2, 1-176.
7. Bateson, W., 1884: The early stages in the development of Balanoglossus (sp. incert.). Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 24, 208-236.
8. _, 1885: The later stages in the development of Balanoglossus kowalevskii, with a suggestion to the affinities of the Enteropneusta. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 25(Suppl.), 81-122.
9. Berrill, N. J., 1955: The Origin of Vertebrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10. Bone, Qu., 1960: The origin of the Chordates. J. Linn. Soc. London 44, 252-269.
11. _, 1979: The Origin of Chordates. Carolina Biology Readers (Oxford University Press), 18, 1-16.
12. _, 1992: On the locomotion of ascidian tadpole larvae. J. Marine Biol. Assoc. UK. 72, 161-186.
13. Brien, P., 1948: Embranchement des tuniciers: morphologie et réproduction. Traité de Zoologie (P. Grassé,) 11, 553-894.
14. Brusca, R.; Brusca, G., 1990: Invertebrates. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.
15. Burden-Jones, C., 1952: Development and biology of the larva of Saccglossus horsti (Enteropneusta). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, B 236, 553-590.
16. Carter, G. S., 1957: Chordate Phylogeny. Systemat. Zool. 6, 187-192.
17. Chapman, G., 1975: Versality of hydraulic systems. Journ. exp. Zool. 194, 249-270.
18. Christoffersen, M. L.; Araujo-de-Almeida, E., 1994: A phylogenetic framework of the Enterocoela (Metamera: Coelomata). Revista Nordestina de Biologia 9, 173-208.
19. Clark, R. B., 1964: Dynamics in Metazoan Evolution: The Origin of the Coelom and Segments. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
20. _, 1979: Radiation of Metazoa. In: House, M. (ed.) Syst. Ass. Spec, Vol. 12 (The origin of major invertebrate groups). London: Academic Press, pp. 55-102.
21. Colwin., C.; Colwin, L., 1953: The normal embryology of Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Enteropneusta). J. Morphol. 92, 401-453.
22. Conklin, E. G., 1932: The embryology of Amphioxus. J. Morphol. 54, 69-151.
23. Couper, J. M.; Leise, E. M., 1996: Serotonin injections induce metamorphosis in larvae of the gastropod mollusc Ilynassa obsoleta. Biol. Bull. 191, 178-186.
24. Crowther, R. J.; Whittaker, J. R., 1992: Structure of the caudal neural tube in an ascidian larva: vestiges of its possible evolutionary origin from a ciliated band. J. Neurobiol. 23, 280-292.
25. Crowther, J. M.; Whittaker, J. R., 1994: Serial repetition of cilia pairs along the tail surface of an ascidian larva. J. Exp. Zool. 269, 9-16.
26. Dautov, S. Sh.; Nezlin, L. P., 1992: Nervous system of the Tornaria larva (Hemichordata:Enteropneusta). A histochemical and ultrastructural study. Biol. Bulletin 183, 463-475.
27. Dawydoff, C., 1948a: Embryologie des Echinodermes. Traité de Zoologie (P. Grassé,) 11, 277-363.
28. _, 1948b: Embranchement des Stomochord,s. Traité de Zoologie (P. Grassé) 11, 365-510.
29. Dilly, P., 1973: The larva of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata). Marine Biol. 18, 69-86.
30. _; Welsch U.; Rehkämper, G., 1986: On the fine structure of the alimentary tract of Cephalodiscus gracilis (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 67, 87-95.
31. Eakin, R., 1972: Structure of Invertebrate Photoreceptors. In: Hartnell, H. J. (ed.) Handbook Sensory Physiology, Vol. 7/1. Berlin: Springer. pp. 625-684.
32. _; Westfall, J., 1961: The development of photoreceptors in the Stirnorgan of the treefrog Hyla regilla. Embryologia 6, 84-98.
33. Edinger, T., 1956: Paired pineal organs. In: Kappers J. A. (ed.), Progress in Neurobiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 121-129.
34. Emig, Ch., 1973: Les processus de l'ontogenèse, comparés à ceux de la régéneration des Phoronida. Zeitschr. Morph. Tiere 75, 329-350.
35. _, 1997: Les Lophophorates constituent-ils un embranchement? Bull. Soc. Zool. France 122, 279-288.
36. Fell, H. B., 1948: Echinoderm embryology and the origin of chordates. Biological Rev. 53, 81-107.
37. Fritzsch, B., 1991: Ontogenetic clues to the phylogeny of the visual system. In: Bagnoli, P.; Hodos, W. (eds), The Changing Visual System. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 33-49.
38. _; Northcutt, R. G., 1993: Cranial and spinal nerve organization in Amphioxus and lampreys: Evidence for an ancestral craniate pattern. Acta Anat. 148, 96-109.
39. Froriep, A., 1906: Ueber die Herleitung des Wirbeltierauges vom Auge der Ascidienlarve. Anat. Anz. 29(Suppl.), 145-151.
40. Fujii, K.; Takeda, N., 1988: Phylogenetic detection of serotonin immunoreactive cells in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89C, 233-239.
41. Gans, C., 1989: Stages in the origin of vertebrates: analysis by means of scenarios. Biol. Rev. 64, 221-268.
42. Garstrang, S.; Garstrang, W., 1926: On the development of Botrylloides and the ancestry of vertebrates. Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc. 1926, 81-86.
43. Garstrang, W., 1894: Preliminary note on a new theory of the phylogeny of the Chordata. Zoologischer Anzeiger 17, 122-125.
44. _, 1928: The morphlogy of the Tunicata, and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Chordates. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 72, 51-187.
45. Gee, H., 1996: Before the Backbone (Views on the origin of vertebrates). London: Chapman and Hall.
46. Gilmour, T. H. J., 1979: Feeding in pterobranch hemichordates and the evolution of gill slits. Can. J. Zool. 57, 1136-1142.
47. _. 1982: Feeding in tornaria larvae and the development of gill slits in enteropneust hemichordates. Can. J. Zool. 60, 3010-3020.
48. Gislén, T., 1930: Affinities between the Echinodermata, Enteropneusta and Chordonia. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 12, 199-304.
49. Graupner, H., 1930: Zur Kenntnis der feineren Anatomie der Bryozoen (Nervensystem, Muskulatur, Stützmembran). Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. 136, 38-77.
50. Gutmann, W., 1973: Die Evolution der Sehnerven-Überkreuzung. Natur and Museum 103, 214-222.
51. _, 1981: Relationships between invertebrate phyla based on functional-mechanical analysis of the hadrostatic skeleton. Am. Zool. 21, 63-81.
52. Hadzi, J., 1963: The evolution of the Metazoa. Int. Ser. Monogr. Pure Applied Biology, Zoology 16: pp. 437-460. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
53. Halanych, K. M., 1995: The phylogenetic position of the pterobranch hemichordates based on 18S DNA sequence data. Molecul Phylogen. Evol. 4, 72-76.
54. Hamasaki, D.; Eder, D., 1977: Adaptive radiation of the pineal system. In: Crescitelli, F. (ed.) Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. 7/5. Berlin: Springer, pp. 497-548.
55. Hatschek, B.; 1882: Studien über die Entwicklung des Amphioxus. Arbeiten Zool. Inst. University of Wien 4, 1-88.
56. Holland, W. H.; J. García-Fernández, 1996: Hox genes and chordate evolution. Develop. Biol. 173, 382-395.
57. Holmberg, K., 1984: A transmission electron microscopic investigation on the sensory vesicle in the brain of Oikopleura dioica (Appendicularia). Zoomorphology 104, 298-303.
58. _; Olsson, R., 1984: The origin of Reissner's fibre in an appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Foren. 145, 43-52.
59. Holmgren, N., 1942: Studies on the head of fishes III. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 23, 129-261.
60. Hondt, J.-L. d', 1997: Les Bryozoaires sont-ils des Protostomiens ou des Deuterostomiens? Bull. Soc. Zool. France 122, 261-268.
61. Jägersten, G., 1972: Evolution of the Metazoan Life Cycle. London: Academic Press.
62. Jefferies, R. P. S., 1980: Zur Fossilgeschichte des Ursprungs der Chordaten und der Echinodermen (Fossil evidence on the origin of chordates and echinodermes). Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 103, 285-353.
63. Johansson, K. U. I., 1991: Identification of different types of serotonin-like immunoreactive olfactory interneurons in four infraorders of decapod crustaceans. Cell Tissue Res. 264, 357-362.
64. Jollie, M., 1968: Some implications of the acceptance of a delamination principle. In: Ørvig T. (ed.). Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny (Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell). Nobel Symp. 4, 89-107.
65. _, 1973: The origin of the chordates. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 54, 81-100.
66. Knight-Jones, E. W., 1952: On the nervous system of Saccoglossus cambrensis (Enteropneusta). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, B 236, 315-354.
67. Kowalevsky, A.; 1871: Weitere Studien über die Entwicklung der einfachen Ascidien. Arch, mikrosk. Anatomie 7, 101-130.
68. Lacalli, Th.C., 1982: The nervous system and ciliary band of Müller's larva. Proc. R. Soc. London, B 217, 37-58.
69. _, 1984: Structure and organization of the nervous system in the trochophore larva of Spirobranchus. Phil. Transact. R. Soc. London, B 306, 79-135.
70. _, 1990: Structure and organization of the nervous system in the actinotroch larva of Phoronis vancouverensis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, B 327, 655-685.
71. _, 1994: Apical organs, epithelial domains, and the origin of the chordate central nervous system. Am. Zool. 34, 533-541.
72. _, 1996: Landmarks and subdomains in the larval brain of Branchiostoma: vertebrate homologs and invertebrate antecedents. Israel J. Zool., 42(Suppl.), S131-S146.
73. Lemche, H.; Hansen, B.; Madsen, F. J.; Tendal, O.; Wolff, T., 1976: Hadal life as analyzed from photographs. Vidensk. Meddr. dansk naturh. Foren. 139, 263-336.
74. Lester, S. M., 1988a: Ultrastructure of adult gonads and development and structure of the larva of Rhabdopleura normani (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 69, 95-109.
75. Lester, S. M., 1988b: Settlement and metamorphosis of Rhabdopleura normani (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 69, 111-120.
76. MacBride, E. W., 1909: The formation of the layers in Amphioxus and its bearing on the interpretation of the early ontogenetic processus in the other Vertebrates. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 54, 279-345.
77. Maisey, J., 1986: Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics 2, 201-256.
78. Morgan, T. H.; 1891: The growth and metamorphosis of Tornaria. J. Morphol. 5, 407-458.
79. _; 1894: The development of Balanoglossus. J. Morphol. 9, 1-86.
80. Nässel, D. R., 1988: Serotonin and serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the nervous system of insects. Prog. Neurobiol. 30, 1-85.
81. Newell, D., 1952: The homology of the stomochord of the Enteropneusta. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 121, 741-746.
82. Newth, D., 1951: Experiments on the neural crest of the lamprey embryo. J. Exp. Biol. 28, 247-260.
83. Nielsen, Cl., 1987: Structure and function of metazoan ciliary bands and their phylogenetic significance. Acta Zoologica 68, 205-262.
84. _, 1995: Animal Evolution (Interrelationships of the living phyla). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
85. Nübler-Jung, K.; Arendt, D., 1994: Is ventral in insects dorsal in vertebrates? Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 203, 357-366.
86. Osche, G., 1973: Das Homologisieren als eine grundlegende Methode der Phylogenetik. Aufsätze Reden senckenb. naturf. Ges. 24, 155-165.
87. Peterson, K. J., 1995: Dorsoventral axis inversion. Nature 373, 111-112.
88. Presley, R.; Horder, T.J.; Slipka, J., 1996: Lancelet development as evidence of ancestral chordate structure Israel J. Zool. 42(Suppl.), S97-S116.
89. Rärh, H., 1982: Ultrastructure of gill bars of Branchiostoma lanceolatum with special reference to gill skeleton and blood vessels (Cephalochordata). Zoomorphology 99, 167-180.
90. Rehkämper, G.; Welsch, U.; Dilly, P.N., 1987: Fine structure of the ganglion of Cephalodiscus gracilis (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata). J. Comp. Neurol. 259, 308-315.
91. Reisinger, E., 1972: Die Evolution des Orthogons der Spiralier und das Archicoelomatenproblem. Zeitschr. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 10, 1-43.
92. Romer, A.S., 1972: The vertebrate as a dual animal - somatic and visceral. Evol. Biol. 6, 121-156.
93. Ruppert, E., 1990: Structure, ultrastructure and function of the neural gland complex of Ascidia interrupta (Chordata, Ascidiacea): clarification of hypotheses regarding the evolution of the vertebrate anterior pituitary. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 71, 135-149.
94. _; Balser, E. 1986: Nephridia in the larvae of hemichordates and echinoderms. Biol. Bull. 171, 188-196.
95. Salvini-Plawen, L. v., 1978: On the origin and evolution of the lower Metazoa. Zeitschr. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 16, 40-88.
96. _, 1980: Phylogenetischer Status und Bedeutung der mesenchymaten Bilateria (Phylogenetical position and significance of the mesenchymatous Bilateria). Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 103, 354-373.
97. _, 1982: A paedomorphic origin of the oligomerous animals? Zoologica Scripta 11, 77-81.
98. _, 1986: Neuere Aspekte zur Stammesgeschichte der Tiere. Wissenschaftl. Nachrichten (BMfUKS Wien) 71, 10-16.
99. _, 1988: The epineural (vs. gastroneural) cerebral-complex of Chaetognatha. Zeitschr. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 26, 425-429.
100. _, 1989: Mesoderm heterochrony and metamery in Chordata. Fortschritte Zoologie 35, 213-219.
101. _, 1997: The urochordate larva: origin, anagenesis and evolutionary implications. J. Morphol. 232 (3 = ICVM-5 Abstracts): 319.
102. _, 1998: On the phylogenetic significance of the neurenteric canal (Chordata). ZACS, in press
103. _; Mayr, E., 1977: On the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes. Evol. Biol. 10, 207-263.
104. _; Splechtna, H., 1979: Zur Homologie der Keimbitter. Zeitschr. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 17, 10-30.
105. Seeliger, O.; 1885: Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der socialen Ascidien. Jena. Zeitschr. Naturwiss., 18(=N.F. 11), 45-120.
106. Shinn, G. L.; Roberts, M. E., 1994: Ultrastructure of hatchling chaetognaths (Ferosagitta hispida): epithelial arrangement of the mesoderm and its phylogenetic implications. J. Morphol. 219, 143-163.
107. Silen, L., 1954: Reflections concerning the stomochord. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 124, 63-67.
108. Spengel, J. W., 1893: Die Enteropneusten des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel 18, 1-758.
109. Stebbing, A. R., 1970: Aspects of the reproduction and life cycle of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata). Marine Biol. 5, 205-212.
110. Telford, M.J.; Holland, P. W. H., 1993: The phylogenetic affinities of the chaetognaths: a molecular analysis. Molec. Biol. Evol. 10, 660-676.
111. Ulrich, W., 1972: Die Geschichte des Archicoelomatenbegriffs und die Archicoelomatennatur der Pogonophoren. Zeitschr. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 10, 301-320.
112. Van der Horst, C. J., 1939: Hemichordata. Bronns Klassen and Ordnungen des Tierreichs, 4(IV) 22, 1-737.
113. Wada, H.; Satoh, N., 1994: Details of the evolutionary history from invertebrates to vertebrates, as deduced from the sequences of 18S DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 91, 1801-1804.
114. Wada, Y.; Mogami, Y.; Baba, S.A., 1997: Modification of ciliary beating in sea urchin larvae induced by neurotransmittors - beat-plane rotation and control of frequency fluctuation. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 9-18.
115. Walker, R. J., 1984: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79C, 231-235.
116. Webb, J.; Hill, M., 1958: The ecology of Lagos lagoon IV. On the reactions of Branchiostoma nigeriense Webb to its environment. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 241, 355-391.
117. Welsch, M., 1975: The fine structure of the pharynx, cyrtopodocytes and digestive caecum of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). Symp. Zool. Soc. London. 36 (Prochordates): 17-41.
118. Welsch, L.T.; Welsch, U., 1978: Histologische und elektronen-mikroskopische Untersuchungen an der präoralen Wimpergrube von Saccoglossus horsti (Hemichordata) und der Hatschekschen Grube von Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Acrania). Ein Beitrag zur phylogenetischen Entwicklung der Adenohypophyse. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 100, 564-578.
119. Welsch, U.; Dilly, P.N.; Rehkämper, G., 1987: Fine structure of the stomochord in Cephalodiscus gracialis M'Intosch 1882 (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia). Zool. Anzeiger 218, 209-218.
120. Whitear, M., 1957: Some remarks on the ascidian affinities of vertebrates. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 12, 10, (113): 338-347.
121. Whittaker, J. R., 1990: Determination of alkaline phosphatase expression in endodermal cell lineages of an ascidaian embryo. Biol. Bull. 178, 222-230.
122. Yamamoto, H.; Tachibana, A.; Kawaii, S.; Matsumura, K.; Fusetani, N., 1996: Serotonin involvement in larval settlement of the barnacle. Balanus amphitrite. J. Exp. Zool. 275, 339-345.
123. Young, J., 1981: The Life of Vertebrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
124. Zimmer, R. L., 1978: The comparative structure of the preoral hood coelom in Phoronida and the fate of this cavity during and after metamorphosis. In: Chia F.-Sh.; Rice. M. (eds), Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, 23-40. New York. Elsevier/North Holland Biomed. Press.