Plant Extracts as Modulators of Genotoxic Effects

Botanical Review

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 275-300

  Sarkar, Debisri ^a   Sharma, Archana ^a   Talukder, Geeta ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA   (India)

^b VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA VULGARIS; BETA VULGARIS SUBSP. VULGARIS; EMBLICA; EMBRYOPHYTA; LETHRINIDAE; PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA; RODENTIA;

EID: 0000066698     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02856614     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Abelson, P. 1990. Editorial. Science 247: 513.
2. Abraham, S. & V. D. Cherian. 1978. Studies on cellular damage by extracts of betel leaves used for chewing. Cytologia 43: 203-208.
3. Abraham, S. K., S. Mahajan & P. C. Kesavan. 1986. Inhibitory effects of dietary vegetables on the in vivo clastogenicity of cyclophosphamide. Mutation Res. 172: 51-54.
4. Agarwal, K., H. Dhir, A. Sharma & G. Talukder. 1989. Comparison of the modification of Ni and Pb clastogenicity by plant extract and essential metals. Pages 1303-1311 in M. Anke, W. Baumann, H. Braunlick, C. Brauckner, B. Grappel & M. Grün, eds., Proceedings of the 6th International Trace Element Symposium. Vol. 4. Friedrich-Schieler Universität, Jena.
5. Alwan, A. H., M. J. Mahmoud & A. Naji. 1990. Effects of plant extracts on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and tritiated benzo(a)pyrene binding to DNA. J. Food Safety 10: 209-218.
6. Ames, B. N. 1982. Mutagens in our environment. Alan R. Liss, New York.
7. _. 1983. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Science 221: 1256-1263.
8. _, W. E. Durston, E. Yamasaki & F. D. Lee. 1973. Carcinogens are mutagens: A simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 2281-2285.
9. Azuine, M. A., A. J. Amonkar & S. V. Bhide. 1991. Chemopreventive efficacy of betel leaf extract and its constituents on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced carcinogenesis and their effect on drug detoxification system in mouse skin. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 29: 346-351.
10. Bala, S. & I. S. Grover. 1989. Antimutagenicity of some citrus fruits in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Res. 222: 141-148.
11. Barale, R., D. Zucconi, R. Bertani & N. Loprieno. 1983. Vegetables inhibit, in vivo, the mutagenicity of nitrite combined with nitrosable compounds. Mutation Res. 120: 145-150.
12. Barone, J., E. Taioli, J. R. Hebert & E. L. Wynder. 1992. Vitamin supplement use and risk for oral and esophageal cancer. Nutr. Cancer 18: 31-41.
13. Bhide, S. V., M. B. A. Zariwala, A. J. Amonkar & M. A. Azuine. 1991. Chemopreventive efficacy of a betel leaf extract against benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach tumors in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 34: 207-214.
14. Bjelke, E. 1974. Epidemiologic studies of cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 9: 1-235.
15. Carballo, M., M. D. Mudry, I. B. L. Villamil & M. D'aquino. 1992. Genotoxic action of an aqueous extract of Heliotropium curassavicum var. argentinum. Mutation Res. 279: 245-253.
16. Cassady, J. M., T. M. Zennie, Y. Chae, M. A. Ferin, N. E. Portoundo & W. M. Baird. 1988. Use of a mammalian cell benzo(a)pyrene metabolism assay for the detection of potential anticarcinogens from natural products: Inhibition of metabolism by biochanin A, an isoflavone from Trifolium pratense L. Cancer Res. 48: 6257-6261.
17. Chitnis, M. P., D. D. Khandalekar, M. K. Adwankar & M. B. Saharasrabudhe. 1971. Anticancer activity of the extracts of root, stem and leaf of Ervatamia heyneana. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 9: 268-270.
18. Cordell, G. A. 1977. Recent experimental and clinical data concerning antitumour and cytotoxic agents from plants. Pages 54-81 in H. Wanger & P. Wolff, eds., New natural products and plant drugs with pharmacological, biological or therapeutical activity. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
19. Darroudi, F., H. Targa & A. T. Natarajan. 1988. Influence of dietary carrot on cytostatic drug activity of cyclophosphamide and its main directly acting metabolite: Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in normal human lymphocytes, Chinese hamster ovary cells and their DNA repair-deficient cell lines. Mutation Res. 198: 327-337.
20. Das, T., A. Roychoudhury, A. Sharma & G. Talukder. 1993a. Modification of clastogenicity of inorganic arsenic by crude extract of Allium sativum. Intl. J. Pharmacog. 31: 316-320.
21. _, _, _ & _. 1993b. Modification of clastogenicity of three known clastogens by garlic extract in mice in vivo. Environm. Molec. Mutagen. 21: 383-388.
22. DeFlora, S. & C. Ramel. 1988. Mechanisms of inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Classification and overview. Mutation Res. 202: 285-306.
23. DeSmet, P. A. G. M., K. Keller, R. Hänsel & R. F. Chandler, eds. 1992. Adverse effects of herbal drugs. Vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
24. Dhir, H., A. K. Roy, A. Sharma & G. Talukder. 1990. Modification of clastogenicity of lead and aluminium in mouse bone marrow cells by dietary ingestion of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. Mutation Res. 241: 305-312.
25. Fujimoto, T., Y. Ose, T. Sato, H. Matsuda, H. Nagase & H. Kito. 1987. Antimutagenic factors in aquatic plants. Mutation Res. 178: 211-216.
26. Gebhart, E., H. Wagner, K. Grziwok & H. Behnsen. 1985. The action of anticlastogens in human lymphocyte cultures and their modification by rat-liver S9 mix II. Studies with vitamin C and E. Mutation Res. 149: 84-94.
27. Gentile, J. M. & G. J. Gentile. 1991. The metabolic activation of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine by chlorophyll-containing plant extracts: The relationship between mutagenicity and antimutagenicity. Mutation Res. 250: 79-86.
28. _ & M. J. Plewa. 1988. The use of cell-free systems in plant activation studies. Mutation Res. 197: 173-182.
29. George, K. & S. Geethamma. 1990. Effects of leaf extract of Ricinus communis on Allium cepa. Cytologia 55: 391-394.
30. Ghosh, A., G. Talukder & A. Sharma. 1992. Relative protection given by extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit and an equivalent amount of vitamin C against a known clastogen-cesium chloride. Food Chem. Toxicol. 30: 865-869.
31. Gichner, T. & J. Veleminsky. 1988. Mechanisms of inhibition of N-nitroso compounds-induced mutagenicity. Mutation Res. 202: 325-334.
32. Gilot-delhalle, J., J. Moutschen & M. Moutschen-dahmen. 1991. Chromosome-breaking activity of extracts of the mushroom Paxillus involutus Fries ex Batsch. Experientia 47: 282-284.
33. Ginter, E., D. Chorvatavicova & A. Kosinova. 1989. Vitamin C lowers mutagenic and toxic effects of hexavalent chromium in guinea pigs. Intl. J. Vitamin Nutr. Res. 59: 161-166.
34. Giri, A. K. & T. S. Banerjee. 1986. Antagonistic activity of herbal drug (Phyllanthus emblica) on cytological effects of environmental chemicals on mammalian cells. Cytologia 51: 375-380.
35. _, T. S. Bandopadhyay, A. Mukherjee, G. Talukder & A. Sharma. 1988. Effects of vitamin C and vitamin A on post-chromosomal aberration in vivo induced by metanil yellow and zinc chloride. Cytologia 53: 793-799.
36. Graham, S., H. Dayal, M. Swanson, A. Mittelman & G. Wilkinson. 1978. Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J. Natl. Cancer Res. Inst. 61: 709-714.
37. Grover, I. S. & S. Bala. 1992. Antimutagenic activity of Terminalia chebula (myroblan) in Salmonella typhimurium. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30: 339-341.
38. _ & _. 1993. Studies on antimutagenic effects of guava (Psidium guajava) in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Res. 300: 1-3.
39. _ & S. Kaur. 1989. Effect of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Indian gooseberry) fruit extract on sodium azide and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 27: 207-209.
40. Gruter, A., U. Friederich & F. E. Wurgler. 1990. Antimutagenic effects of mushrooms. Mutation Res. 231: 243-250.
41. Guevara, A. P., C. Lim-Sylianco, F. Dayrit & P. Finch. 1990. Antimutagens from Momordica charantia. Mutation Res. 230: 121-126.
42. Haenszel, W., M. Kurihara, M. Segi & R. K. C. Lee. 1972. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 969-988.
43. _, _, F. B. Locke, K. Shimuzu & M. Segi. 1976. Stomach cancer in Japan. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56: 265-278.
44. Han, C. & X. Yong. 1990. The effect of Chinese tea on occurrence of esophageal tumor induced by N-nitrosomethyl benzylamine in rats. Biomed. Environm. Sci. 3: 35-42.
45. Hannan, M. A., A. A. Al-dakan, H. Y. Aboul-enein & A. A. Al-othaimeen. 1989. Mutagenic and antimutagenic factor(s) extracted from a desert mushroom using different solvents. Mutagenesis 4: 111-114.
46. Hao, W., Z. Chao, W. Lixia, Q. Shunping, W. Hong, W. Xiaomao, Q. Xiaofa, G. Xiaoqiang & W. Jian. 1988. The anti-damage effect of Apocynum venetum L. leaf extract on chromosomes. Bull. Chin. Mater. Med. 13: 42-47, 64.
47. Hartwell, J. L. 1967. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30: 379-436.
48. Hayatsu, H., S. Arimoto & T. Negishi. 1988. Dietary inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutation Res. 202: 429-446.
49. Hirono, I., I. Ueno, S. Hosaka, H. Takanashi, T. Matsushima, T. Sugimura & S. Natori. 1981. Carcinogenicity examination of quercetin and rutin in ACI rats. Cancer Lett. 13: 15-21.
50. Hirose, M., T. Inoue, A. Masuda, H. Tsuda & N. Ito. 1987. Effects of simultaneous treatment with various chemicals on BHA-induced development of rat stomach hyperplasia: Complete inhibition by diethylmaleate in a 5-week feeding study. Carcinogenesis 8: 1731.
51. Hsu, T. C., ed. 1982. Cytogenetic assays of environmental mutagens. Allenheld, Osmun.
52. Ito, Y., S. Maeda, K. Souno, N. Ueda & T. Sugiyama. 1984. Induction of hepatic glutathione S-transferase and suppression of 7,12-dimethybenz(a)anthracene-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells by Sudan III and related azo dyes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73: 177-183.
53. _, _ & T. Sugiyama. 1986. Suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells by vegetable juices. Mutation Res. 172: 55-60.
54. 1 in rat bone marrow cells in vivo and their suppression by green tea. Mutation Res. 222: 253-262.
55. Jain, A. K., K. Shimoi, Y. Nakamura, I. Tomita & T. Kada. 1987. Preliminary study on the desmutagenic and antimutagenic effect of some natural products. Curr. Sci. 56: 1266-1269.
56. _, _, _, T. Kada, Y. Hara & I. Tomita. 1989. Crude tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro and in intragastric tract of rats. Mutation Res. 210: 1-18.
57. Kada, T., K. Morita & T. Inoue. 1978. Antimutagenic action of vegetable factor(s) on the mutagenic principle of tryptophan pyrolysate. Mutation Res. 53: 351-354.
58. _, M. Kato, K. Aikawa & S. Kiriyama. 1984. Adsorption of pyrolysate mutagens by vegetable fibers. Mutation Res. 141: 149-152.
59. Kanaya, N., S. Takehisa, H. Nicoloff, T. Nikolova & V. Damianova. 1992. Plant extracts induce chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells and human lymphocytes. Mutation Res. 281: 47-54.
60. Kihlman, B. A. 1971. Root tips for studying the effects of chemicals on chromosomes. Pages 484-514 in A. Holleander, ed., Chemical mutagens: Principles and methods for their detection. Plenum, New York.
61. Kim, D., B. Ahn, D. Yeum, D. Lee, S. Kim & Y. Park. 1987. Degradation of carcinogenic nitrosamine formation factor by natural food components: 1. Nitrite-scavenging effects of vegetable extracts. Bull. Korean Fish Soc. 20: 463-468.
62. Kinghorn, A. D. & M. F Balandrin. 1993. Human medicinal agents from plants. Amer. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 534: 1-348.
63. Knasmueller, S., R. D. Martin, G. Womjan & A. Szakmary. 1989. Studies on the antimutagenic activities of garlic extract. Environm. Molec. Mutagen. 13: 357-365.
64. Krivokapic, K., R. Hadziselimovic & A. Sofradzija. 1970. Effect of the extract from immature fruits of Solanum nigrum L. on the intensity of mitosis in Allium sativum. Iugosl. Physiol. Pharmacol. Acta 6: 363-367.
65. Kuboyama, N., A. Fujii & T. Tamura. 1981. Antitumor activities of bamboo leaf extracts and its lignin. Folia Pharmacol. Jap. 77: 579-596.
66. Kuttan, R., P. Bhanumathy, K. Nirmala & M. C. George. 1985. Potential anticancer activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Cancer Lett. 29: 197-202.
67. Lai, C. 1979. Chlorophyll: The active factor in wheat sprout extract inhibiting the metabolic activation of carcinogens in vitro. Nutr. Cancer 1: 19-21.
68. _, M. A. Butler & T. S. Matney. 1980. Antimutagenic activity of common vegetables and their chlorophyll content. Mutation Res. 77: 245-250.
69. Lawson, T., J. Nunnally, B. Walker, E. Bresnick, D. Wheeler & M. Wheeler. 1989. Isolation of compounds with antimutagenic activity from Savoy Cheiftain cabbage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37: 1363-1367.
70. Lee, H., & J. Y. Lin. 1988. Antimutagenic activity of extract from anticancer drugs in Chinese medicine. Mutation Res. 204: 229-234.
71. Levan, A. 1949. The influence on chromosomes and mitosis of chemicals, as studied by the Allium test. Eighth International Congress on Genetics. Hereditas (suppl. vol.): 325-337.
72. Liu, D., Y. Xuejun, W. Heehuan & Z. Yu. 1988. Antimutagenicity assays of water extract from the fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. Bull. Chin. Mater. Med. 13: 40-42, 63.
73. Minakata, H., H. Komura, K. Nakanishi & T. Kada. 1983. Protoanemonin, an antimutagen isolated from plants. Mutation Res. 116: 317-322.
74. Mirvish, S. S. 1975. Blocking the formation of N-nitroso compounds with ascorbic acid in vitros and in vivo. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 258: 175-180.
75. Morino, K., N. Matsukura, H. Ohgaki, T. Kawachi, T. Sugimura & I. Hirono. 1982. Carcinogenicity test of quercetin and rutin in golden hamsters by oral administration. Carcinogenesis 3: 93-97.
76. Morita, K., M. Hara & T. Kada. 1978. Studies on natural desmutagens: Screening for vegetable and fruit factors active in inactivation of mutagenic pyrolysis products from amino acids. Agric. Biol. Chem. 42: 1235-1238.
77. _, T. Kada & M. Namiki. 1984. A desmutagenic factor isolated from burdock (Arctium lappa Linne). Mutation Res. 129: 25-31.
78. Muenzner, R. 1986. Modifying action of vegetable juice on the mutagenicity of beef extract and nitrosated beef extract. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 24: 847-850.
79. Nagabhushan, M. & S. V. Bhide. 1985. Mutagenicity of chilli extract and capsaicin in short-term tests. Environm. Mutagen. 7: 881-888.
80. _ & _. 1987. Antimutagenicity and anticarcinogenicity of turmeric (Curcuma longa). J. Nutr. Growth Cancer 4: 83-90.
81. _, A. J. Amonkar & S. V. Bhide. 1987a. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shagaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella microsome assay. Cancer Lett. 36: 221-233.
82. _, _, A. V. D'Souza & S. V. Bhide. 1987b. In vitro antimutagenicity of curcumin against environmental mutagens. Food Chem. Toxicol. 25: 545-547.
83. _, U. J. Nair, A. J. Amonkar, A. V. D'Souza & S. V. Bhide. 1988. Curcumins as inhibitors of nitrosation in vitro. Mutation Res. 202: 163-169.
84. Naismith, R. W. 1987. Guidelines for minimal criteria of acceptability for selected short-term assays for genotoxicity. Mutation Res. 189: 181-183.
85. Nakamura, H. & T. Yamamoto. 1982. Mutagen and anti-mutagen in ginger, Zingiber officinale. Mutation Res. 103: 119-126.
86. Nakashima, K. 1989. Effects of vegetable juice on mutagenicity in extracts from roasted beef. Jap. J. Nutr. 47: 299-303.
87. 2+-calmodulin complex: Possible mechanism for antitumor-promoting action of the flavonoid. Gann 75: 311-316.
88. Ohyama, S., S. Kitamori, H. Kawano, T. Yamada, T. Inamasu, M. Ishizawa & N. Ishinishi. 1987. Ingestion of parsley inhibits the mutagenicity in male human urine following consumption of fried salmon. Mutation Res. 192: 7-10.
89. Padma, P. R., V. S. Lalitha, A. J. Amonkar & S. V. Bhide. 1989. Anticarcinogenic effect of betel leaf extract against tobacco carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 45: 195-202.
90. Parshad, R., K. K. Sandford, G. M. Jones & R. F. Tarone. 1978. Fluorescent light-induced chromosome damage and its prevention in mouse cells in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 75: 1830-1833.
91. Perez, A. & G. Gago. 1991. Antimutagenic activity of lettuce and chard extracts. Nahrung 35: 369-371.
92. Peryt, B., J. Miloszewska, B. Tudek, M. Zelenska & T. Szymczyk. 1988. Antimutagenic effects of several subtractions of extract from wheat sprout toward benzo(a)pyrene-induced mutagenicity in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutation Res. 206: 221-226.
93. _, T. Szymczyk & P. Lesca. 1992. Mechanism of antimutagenicity of wheat sprout extracts. Mutation Res. 269: 201-215.
94. Plewa, M. J., E. D. Wagner & J. M. Gentile. 1988. The plant cell/microbe coincubation assay for the analysis of plant-activated promutagens. Mutation Res. 197: 207-219.
95. Pool-zobel, B. L., P. Schmezer, Y. Sinrachatanat, F. Kliagasioglu, K. Reinhart, R. Martin, P. Klein & A. R. Tricker. 1990. Mutagenic and genotoxic activities of extracts derived from the cooked and raw edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 11: 475-479.
96. Ramel, C., U. K. Alekperov, B. N. Ames, T. Kada & L. W. Wattenberg. 1986. Inhibitors of mutagenesis and their relevance to carcinogenesis. 168: 47-65.
97. Roychoudhury, A., T. Das, A. Sharma & G. Talukder. 1993. Use of crude extract of garlic in reducing cytotoxic effects of arsenic in mouse bone marrow. Phytotherapy Res. 7: 163-166.
98. Sakai, Y, H. Nagase, Y. Ose, T. Sato, M. Kawai & M. Mizuno. 1988. Effects of medicinal plant extracts from Chinese herbal medicines on the mutagenic activity of benzo(a)pyrene. Mutation Res. 206: 327-334.
99. _, _, _, H. Kito, T. Sato, M. Kawai & M. Mizuno. 1990. Inhibitory action of peony root extract on the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene. Mutation Res. 244: 129-134.
100. Sandermann, H., Jr. 1988. Mutagenic activation of xenobiotics by plant enzymes. Mutation Res. 197: 183-194.
101. Sarkar, D. 1992. Protective effect of crude extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. against the cytotoxicity of chlordane in mice in vivo. Perspect. Cytol. Genet. 7: 1035-1042.
102. _, A. Sharma & G. Talukder. 1993. Differential protection of chlorophyllin against clastogenic effects of chromium and chlordane in mouse bone marrow in vivo. Mutation Res. 301: 33-38.
103. _, _ & _. 1994. Chlorophyll and chlorophyllin in modifying genotoxic effects, a review. Mutation Res. 318: 239-247.
104. _, _ & _. 1995. Comparison of the effects of crude extract of spinach beet leaves and equivalent amounts of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin in modifying the clastogenic activity of chromium (VI) oxide in mice in vivo. Phytotherapy Res. 9: 199-202.
105. _, _ & _. 1996. Protection afforded by crude spinach-beet leaf extract and equivalent amounts of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin against clastogenic effects of potassium dichromate in mice in vivo. Intl. J. Pharmacog. 34: 58-63.
106. Sato, T., Y. Suzuki, Y. Ose & T. Ishikawa. 1984. Desmutagenic substance in water extract of grass-wrack pondweed (Potamogeton oxyphylus Miquel.). Mutation Res. 129: 33-38.
107. _, Y. Ose, H. Nagase & H. Kito. 1990. Mechanism of antimutagenicity of aquatic plant extracts against benzo(a)pyrene in the Salmonella assay. Mutation Res. 241: 283-290.
108. Sen, S., G. Talukder & A. Sharma. 1987. Potentiation of betel-induced alterations of mouse glandular stomach mucosa by tobacco in studies simulating betel addiction. Intl. J. Crude Drug Res. 25: 209-215.
109. _, _ & _. 1991. Betel cytotoxicity: further evidence from mouse bone marrow cells. Intl. J. Pharmacog. 29: 130-140.
110. Sharma, A. 1990. Modulation of mutagenesis by plant products. Platinum Jubilee Lecture (Cochin). Indian Science Congress Association, Calcutta.
111. _ & A. K. Sharma. 1989. Genetic toxicology testing of hazardous materials and wastes. Pages 281-293 in S. K. Majumdar, E. W. Miller & R. F. Schmalz., eds., Management of hazardous materials and wastes: treatment, minimization and environmental effects. Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences, Harrisburg.
112. Shinohara, K., S. Kuroki, M. Miwa, Z. Kong & H. Hosoda. 1988. Antimutagenicity of dialysates of vegetables and fruits. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52: 1368-1369.
113. Shrivastava, R. P. & R. K. Shrivastava. 1964. Chemical composition of fresh and dried Amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit. Sci. Cult. 30: 446-447.
114. Shu, X. O., Y. T. Gao, J. M. Yuan, R. G. Ziegler & L. A. Brinton. 1989. Dietary factors and epithelial ovarian cancer. Brit. J. Cancer. 59: 92-96.
115. Sidorskii, A. G. 1984. Effects of extracts from vegetative and generative organs of dioecious plants on the frequency of mutagen-induced chromosome aberrations and mutagenesis in plants. Genetika 20: 1507-1510.
116. Sobti, R. C., O. P. Mittal, A. Sachdeva & G. B. Gill. 1991. Anticlastogenic effect of essential oil of seeds of Apium graveolens. Cytologia 56: 303-308.
117. Soman, R. & P. P. Pillay. 1962. Isolation of mucic acid from the fruits of Emblica officinalis. Curr. Sci. 31: 13-14.
118. Sopova, M., Z. Sekovski & M. Jovanovska. 1983. Cytological effects of tobacco leaf extract on root-tip cells of Allium sativum. Acta Biol. Med. Exp. 8: 49-56.
119. Sparnins, V. L., P. L. Venegas & L. W. Wattenberg. 1982. Glutathione-S-transferase activity. Enhancement by compounds inhibiting chemical carcinogenesis and by dietary constituents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 68: 493-496.
120. Srinivas, L., V. K. Shalini & M. Shylaja. 1992. Turmerin. A water-soluble antioxidant peptide from turmeric (Curcuma longa). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 292: 617-623.
121. Sterner, O., R. Bergman, E. Kesler, G. Magnusson, L. Nilsson, B. Wickberg & E. Zimerson. 1982. Mutagens in larger fungi I. Forty-eight species screened for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutation Res. 101: 269-281.
122. Stich, H. R. & S. S. Tsang. 1989. Promoting activity of betel quid ingredients and their inhibition by retinol. Cancer Lett. 45: 71-77.
123. Takeuchi, M., M. Hara, T. Inoue & T. Kada. 1988. Adsorption of mutagens by refined corn bran. Mutation Res. 204: 263-267.
124. Toth, B. 1979. Hepatocarcinogenesis by hydrazine mycotoxins of edible mushrooms. J. Toxicol. Environm. Health 5: 193-202.
125. Ueda, S., Y. Kuwabara, N. Hirai, H. Sasaki & T. Sugibara. 1991. Antimutagenic capacities of different kinds of vegetables and mushrooms. J. Jap. Soc. Food Sci. Techn. 38: 507-514.
126. vander Hoeven, J. C., W. J. Lagerweij, I. M. Bruggeman, F. G. Voragen & J. H. Koeman. 1983. Mutagenicity of extracts of some vegetables commonly consumed in the Netherlands. J. Agric. Food Chem. 31: 1020-1026.
127. Vargas, V. M. F., R. R. Guidobono & J. A. P. Henriques. 1991. Genotoxicity of plant extracts. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 86: 67-70.
128. Wakabayashi, K., M. Nagao, M. Ochiai, T. Tahira, Z. Yamaizumi & T. Sugimura. 1988. A mutagen precursor in Chinese cabbage, indole-3-acetonitrile, which becomes mutagenic on nitrite treatment. Mutation Res. 143: 17-21.
129. Whitaker, J. R. 1976. Development of flavor, odor and pungency in onion and garlic. Adv. Food Res. 22: 73-133.
130. Wood, A. W., M. T. Huang, R. L. Chang, H. L. Newmark, R. E. Lehr, H. Yagi, J. M. Sayer, D. M. Jerina & A. H. Conney. 1982. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of bay-region diolepoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by naturally occurring plant phenols: Exceptional activity of ellagic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 79: 5513-5517.
131. Yadav, S. K. 1987. Protection against radiation-induced chromosome damage by Emblica officinalis fruit extract. Caryologia 40: 261-265.
132. Yoshikawa, K., R. Ishii & T. Kada. 1981. Desmutagenic action of vegetable extracts on the mutagenic pyrolysis products of foods. Abstract. Third International Conference on Environmental Mutagens. 3PI9.
133. Zhang, Y., X. Chen & Y. Yu. 1989. Antimutagenic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on 4NQO-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli WP2. Mutation Res. 227: 215-220.