Spent refinery catalysts: Environment, safety and utilization

Catalysis Today

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 223-286

  Furimsky, Edward ^a  

^a IMAF Group   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000060242     PISSN: 09205861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0920-5861(96)00094-6     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. K. Inai, Rev. Inst. France Petrol., 49(5) (1994) 521.
2. G. Martino, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 131 (1994) 444.
3. Petroleum Refining Catalysts, Industry study by the Fredonia Group, 1994.
4. E. Furimsky and F.E. Massoth, Catal. Today, 17 (1993).
5. R. Hughes, Deactivation of catalysts, Academic Press, New York, 1984.
6. S.C. Fung, Chem. Technol., January (1994) 40.
7. A. Rhodes, Oil Gas J., 22 August (1994) 49.
8. API Publication, 303, June (1992).
9. J. Oliver and D.B. Anthony 1994 NAPRA Annual Meeting, 20-22 March 1994, San Antonio, TX, presentation.
10. J.P. Rosso, Chem. Eng. Progr., 12 (1992) 66.
11. P. Dufresne, N. Brahma and F. Girardier, Rev. Ins. Fr. Petr., 50 (1995) 283.
12. R. Schmitt, Oil Gas J., 18 November (1991) 101.
13. M. Burke, Oil Gas J., January (1995).
14. L.H. Raleigh, R.C. Knox and L.W. Canter, J. Environ. Eng., May (1995) 402.
15. Export and Import of Hazardous Wastes Regulations: User's Guide to Hazardous Waste Classification, Environment Canada, 1993.
16. Question and Answer Session of the NPRA, 1987 Hydroc. Proc., February (1987) 43.
17. E. Furimsky, Erdol and Kohle, 35(10) (1982) 455.
18. E. Furimsky, L. Zaitlin and R. Laugher, Fuel, 72(11) (1993) 1541.
19. F. Murena, V. Famiglietti and F. Gioia, Environ. Progr., 12(3) (1993) 231.
20. J. Chowdhury, Chem. Eng., November (1995) 186A.
21. J.A. Lassner, L.B. Lasher, R.L. Koppel and J.N. Hamilton, Chem. Eng. Progr., August (1994), 95.
22. T. Kaijima, US Pat., 4912 071 (1990).
23. Kawakami, Jpn. Pat., 44755 (1977).
24. Anonymous, Oil Gas J., 12 October (1992) 56.
25. J.D. Seamans, J.A. Partin, E.R. Samonte and J.R. Lockemeyer, US Pat., WO 9425157 A1 (1994).
26. F.D. Brent, Jr., R.G. Nelson and W.A. Ruff, US Pat. Doc., 4900713/A (1990).
27. E. Furimsky, Fuel Proc. Technol., 27 (1991) 131.
28. US EPA Federal Register.
29. E. Furimsky, L.C.G. Janke and R. Dureau, Fuel Proc. Technol., 33 (1993) 77.
30. S. Shelley, Environ. Eng. World, March/April (1995) 40.
31. D.L. Trimm, in D.L. Trimm, S. Akashah, M. Absi-Halabi and A. Bishara, Editors, Catalysis in Petroleum Refining, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988.
32. J. Workman and P. Dellavalle, US Pat. Appl., 9413392.
33. J.B. Krider, Oil Gas J., 28 July (1986) 41.
34. M.A. Wojtowicz, J.R. Pels and J.A. Moulijn, Fuel Proc. Technol., 34 (1993) 1.
35. E. Furimsky, M. Nielsen and P. Jurasek, Energy Fuels, 9 (1995) 439.
36. R.E. Evans and G.P. Quin, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 76 (1993) 563.
37. R.D. Jackson, Nat. Petrol. Ref. Assoc. Meeting, 14-15 February 1994, Houston, TX.
38. S.K. Pavel and F.J. Elvin, in J. Hager, B. Hansen, W. Imrie, J. Pusatori and V. Ramachandran, Editors, Extraction and Processing for the Treatment of Wastes, TMS. Minerals, Metals and Materials Soc., 1993, p. 1015.
39. Environmental Reporter, US Bureau of Nat. Affairs, 1992, p. 310.
40. W.P. Hettinger, Jr., Catal. Today, 13 (1992) 157.
41. J.P. Rosso and M.I. El Guindy, in G.J. Antos, A.M. Aitani and J.M. Parera, Editors, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995, p. 395.
42. M. Hery, J.-M. Gerber, I. Vien and J.-C. Limasset, Staub-Reinhaltung Luft, 51 (1991) 361.
43. E. Furimsky, A. Siukola and A. Turenne, submitted.
44. G. Berrebi, P. Dufresne and Y. Jacquier, Environ. Progr., 12 (1993) 97.
45. S.R. Murf, E.A. Carlisle, P. Dufresne and H. Rabehasaina, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 38(1) (1993) 81.
46. D. Hanson, Chem. Eng. News, 9 October (1995) 31.
47. J.S.M. Jocker, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 38(1) (1993) 74.
48. G.L. Sexton, Oil Gas J., 28 July (1986) 94.
49. H.J. Pietrzak, Oil Gas J., 28 July (1986) 93.
50. A.K. Rhodes, Oil Gas J., 29 November (1993) 39.
51. J. Little, Syncrude Canada Ltd. Rep. No. JL-091A, 1991.
52. E.A. Parkinson, Oil Gas J., 2 April (1990) 52.
53. R.C. Kunzelman, R.W. Goerlich, J.G Welch and C.A. Vuitel, Am. Chem. Soc. Prepr., (1987).
54. R. Habermehl, Chem. Eng. Prog., 2 (1988) 16.
55. R.A. Corbett, Oil Gas J., 5 March (1990) 33.
56. L.J. McPherson, Oil Gas J., 28 July (1986) 94.
57. L.F. Albright, Oil Gas J., 12 November (1990) 79.
58. Anonymous, Oil Gas J., 22 August (1994) 49.
59. Alkylation Safety, NAPRA Meeting, 1 November 1994; Oil Gas J., January (1995) 33.
60. Alkylation Safety, NAPRA Meeting, 1 November 1994; Oil Gas J., January (1995) 33.
61. S. Sung, G. Szechi and L.F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 11(32) (1993) 2490.
62. G. Ondrey and A. Shanley, Chem. Eng., April (1993) 47.
63. M. Coyeman and A. Wood, Chem. Week, 1 September (1993) 35.
64. M.K. Spearman, AIChE 1993 Summer Nat. Meeting, Seatle. 1993, Repr. N 4d, 11 pp.
65. Anonymous, Oil Gas J., 1 February (1993).
66. Z.F. Galimov and M.N. Rakhimov, Chem. Technol. Fuels (translated from Russian), 11 (1989) 18.
67. B. Scott. Hydroc. Proc., 10 (1992) 77.
68. J.C. Sheckler, H.U. Mammershaimb, L.J. Ross and K.R. Comey, Oil Gas J., 22 August (1994) 60.
69. J.C. Sheckler, H.U. Mammershaimb, L.J. Ross and K.R. Comey, NAPRA Meeting, 20-22 March 1994, San Antonio, TX.
70. N.E. Stewart and J.W. McVey, Proc. Safety Progr., 2 (1994) 105.
71. Anonymous, Chem. Eng., January (1995) 118.
72. J.D. Dobis, D.R. Clarida and J.P. Richert, Oil Gas J., 6 March (1995) 63.
73. L.J. Altman and R. Jalkian, US Pat., 5407830 (1995).
74. C.J. Ryskamp, N.F. McGee and P.C. Badavas, Hydroc. Proc., November (1986) 113.
75. D.W. Johnson, NAPRA Meeting, 20-22 March 1994, San Antonio, TX.
76. J.R. Peterson and J.B. Scott, NAPRA Meeting, 20-22 March 1994, San Antonio, TX.
77. J.R. Peterson and J.B. Scott, US Pat. Appl., 9306953 (1994).
78. A. Jezak, Oil Gas J., 5 January (1995) 34.
79. J.H. Clark, S.R. Cullen, S.J. Barlow and T.W. Bastock, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, (1994) 1117.
80. M.A. Better, J.E. Child, T.R. Melli and S. Yurchak, US Pat., 5264651 (1993).
81. R. Jalkian and T.R. Melli, US Pat., 5304522 (1994).
82. M.A. Better, J.E. Child, T.R. Melli and S. Yurchak, US Pat. Appl., 9311373 (1994).
83. M.A. Better, J.E. Child, K.J. Del Rossi, A.A. Gupta, T.R. Melli and S. Yurchak, US Pat. Appl., 9311399 (1994).
84. J.E. Child and T.R. Melli, US Pat., 5386076 (1995).
85. J.E. Child, T.R. Melli and S. Yurchak, US Pat., 5382746 (1995).
86. K.J. Del Rossi and T.R. Melli, US Pat., 5461183 (1995).
87. A.D. Eastman, B.B. Randolph, R.G. Abbott and R.B. Eldridge, US Pat., 5264647 (1993).
88. A.D. Eastman, R.B. Eldridge, R.L. Anderson and D.P. Mann, US Pat., 5237122 (1993).
89. A.D. Eastman, R.G. Abbott, US Pat., 5276245 (1994).
90. A.D. Eastman, R.G. Abbott, R.B. Eldridge, F.-M. Lee, D.P. Mann and R.J. Mitchell, US Pat., 5264649 (1994).
91. A.D. Eastman and R.G. Abbott, US Pat., 5347067 (1994).
92. A.D. Eastman, R.G. Abbott and R.B. Eldridge, US Pat., 5306859 (1994).
93. R.E. Warner, J.C. Brocoff, F.E. Cumare and R.E. Steppe, AIChE 1985 Spring Natl. Meeting, Houston, 1985. Repr., 86C, 13 pp.
94. S.E. Kogtev, I.S. Kikandrov, A.S. Borisenko, V.S. Epifanov and A.A. Belov, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, (English translation), 61 (1988) 1320.
95. J.E. Klepeis, AIChE 1988 Ann. Meeting, Miami Beach, FL, 1988, Prepr., 101B, 17 pp.
96. Anonymous, Chem. Eng., January (1992) 19.
97. M.N. Rakhimov, Z.F. Galimov and R.S. Usmanov, Chem. Technol. Fuels (translated from Russian), 27 (1991) 345.
98. W.K. Shiflett, Oil Gas J., 2 April (1990) 52.
99. F.T. Clark, A.L. Hensley, J.Z. Shyu, J.A. Kaduk and G.J. Ray, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 68 (1991) 417.
100. S. Shelley, Chem. Eng., April (1994) 67.
101. T.J. Dougan, U. Alkemade, B. Lakhanpal and L.T. Boock, Oil Gas J., 26 September (1994) 81.
102. D.E. Sherwood, Jr., J.R. Hardee, Jr. and J.A. Lemen, US Pat., 5209840 (1993).
103. L.A. Rankel, Energy Fuels, 7 (1993) 937.
104. K. Inoue, P. Zhang and H. Tsuyama, Am. Chem. Soc., Pepr. Div. Petrol. Chem., 38(1) (1993) 77.
105. Amax Inc., Jpn. Pat. (Kokai), 53-86612 (1977).
106. P. Zhang, K. Inoue and H. Tsuyama, Energy Fuels, 9(2) (1995) 231.
107. G.M. Ritcey, Handbook of Solvent Extraction, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981.
108. C.L. van Deelen NL Pat., WO 9501461 A1 (1995).
109. S. Toda, J. Mining Metall. Inst. of Jpn., 105 (1989) 261.
110. R.K. Biswas, M. Wakihara and M. Taniguchi, Hydrometallurgy, 14 (1985) 219.
111. R.A. Ference and R.F. Sibenik, Am. Chem. Soc., Prepr. Div. Fuel Chem., 27(3/4) (1982) 71.
112. D.E. Hyatt, US Pat., 4657745 A.
113. D. Krastman, B.R. Utz, A.V. Cugini and R.G. Lett. Am. Chem. Soc., Prepr. Div., (1989) 570.
114. H. Beuther and R.A. Flinn, Ind. Ing. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev., 2(1) (1963) 53.
115. E. Furimsky, unpublished results.
116. M. Marafi, A. Stanislaus, C.J. Mumford and M. Fahim, in D.L. Trimm, S. Akashah, M. Absi-Halabi and A. Bishara, Editors, Catalysts in Petroleum Refining, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
117. M. Marafi, A. Stanislaus, C.J. Mumford and M. Fahim, Appl. Catal., 47 (1989) 85.
118. M. Marafi, A. Stanislaus and M. Absi-Halabi, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 4 (1994) 19.
119. M.R. Reda, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 30 (1991) 2148.
120. A. Stanislaus, M. Marafi and M. Absi-Halabi, Am. Chem. Soc., Prepr. Div. Petrol. Chem., 38(1) (1993) 62.
121. A. Stanislaus, M. Marafi and M. Absi-Halabi, Appl. Catal., 105 (1993) 195.
122. P.R. Raisoni and S.G. Dixit, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29(1) (1990) 14.
123. T.N. Angelidis, E. Tourasanidis, E. Marinou and G.A. Stalidis, Resources Conserv. Recycl., 13 (1995) 269.
124. R.E. Siemens, B.W. Jong and J.H. Russel, Conserv. Recycl., 9(2) (1986) 189.
125. B.W. Jong, S.C. Rhoads, A.M. Stubbs and T.R. Stoelting, Recovery of Principal Metals From Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts, US Bur. Mines Rep., 9252 (1988).
126. S.J. Hildebrandt, R.O. Koseoglu, J.E. Duddy and D.E. Sherwood, Am. Chem. Soc., Prepr. Div. Petrol. Chem., 38(1) (1993) 40.
127. M.A. Olazabal, L.A. Fernandez and J.A. Madariaga, J. Met. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 9(5) (1991) 735.
128. M.A. Olazabal, M.M. Drive, L.A. Fernandez and J.A. Madariaga, J. Met. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 10(4) (1992) 623.
129. M.M. Orive, M.A. Olazabal, L.A. Fernandez and J.A. Madariaga, J. Met. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 10(5) (1992) 787.
130. W.R. Ernst, L.H. Hiltzik, A.R. Garcia, M.D. Franke, A.S. Myerson and J.D. Carruthers, Miner. Metall. Process., 4(2) (1987) 78.
131. S. Kelebek and P.A. Distin, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 44 (1989) 309.
132. S. Gryglewicz and M. Rutkowski, Erdol Kohle, 47(9) (1994) 34.
133. N.K. Nadirov and S.A. Petrashov, Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils, 25(9) (1990) 424.
134. I. Tsuboi, T. Hashimoto, E. Kunugita and I. Komasawa, Kagaku Kogaku Ronbushu, 19 (1993) 722.
135. N. Mutsukawa, Shigen, 1 (1989) 36.
136. N. Rokukawa, J. Mining Metall. Inst. Jpn., 103 (1987) 593.
137. N. Rokukawa, Kogai Shigen Kenkyusho Iho, 17(3) (1988) 7.
138. M. Nishizawa, T. Yokoyama, T. Kimura, and T.M. Suzuki, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 57 (1994) 2859.
139. Y. Sato, K. Kondo and F. Nakashio, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 22(2) (1989) 200.
140. T. Hirai, T. Hashimoto, I. Tsuboy, A. Hino and I. Komasawa, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 28(1) (1995) 85.
141. T. Hirai, N. Onoe and I. Komasawa, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 26 (1993) 416.
142. T. Hirai, T. Manabe and I. Komasawa, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 28 (1995) 486.
143. J.S. McPartland and R.G. Bautista, Sep. Sci. Technol., 25(13) (1990) 2045.
144. B. Blaustein, D. Suhy and E. Spana, Am. Chem. Soc., Prepr. Div. Fuel Chem., 35(3) (1990) 919.
145. B. Blaustein, J.T. Hauck, G.J. Olson and J.P. Baltrus, Fuel, 72(12) (1993) 1613.
146. P. Joffe and G.T. Sperl, DOE Rep., PC-92119-T4 (1993).
147. K.A. Sanback and P.M. Joffe, DOE Rep., PC-92119-T2 and T3 (1993).
148. K.A. Sanback, DOE Rep., PC/92119-T6 (1995).
149. I. Gaballah and M. Djona, Metall. Material Trans. B, Proc. Metall. Mater. Proc. Sci., 25 (1994) 481.
150. I. Gaballah and M. Djona, Proc. Int. Symp. Extr. Metall. Cu, Ni and Co, Vol. 1: Fundamental Aspects, 1253.
151. I. Gaballah, M. Djona, J. C. Migica Iraola, R. Solozabal Echevaria, M. Donatto and L. Mcrcgalli, Fr. Pat., 9300755 (1993).
152. I. Gaballah and M. Djona, Metallurg. Mater. Trans. B, 2 (1995) 49.
153. L.J. Silva, L.A. Bray and D.W. Matson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32 (1993) 2485.
154. J.L. Silva and L.A. Bray, US Pat., US 5420088 (1995).
155. V.V. Lunin, I.I. Miroschnichenko, D.M. Panteleev and Y.I. Solovetskii, Kinet. Catal., 34(4) (1993) 646.
156. R. Burkhard, W. Hoffelner and R.C. Eschenbach, Resources, Conserv. Recycl., 10 (1994) 11.
157. R.J. Schreiber and C.P.E. Yonley, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 38(1) (1993) 97.
158. Anonymous, Chem. Eng. News, 6 March (1995).
159. A. Matsumura, T. Kondo, Y. Sasaki and K. Unegawa, Erdol Kohle, 47 (1994) 280.
160. T. Sakabe and T. Yagi, Hydroc. Proc., December (1979) 103.
161. K.G. Mittal, S.C. Gupta, R.K. Agarwal, and J.R. Rai, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 39 (1987) 59.
162. C. Sudhakar, G.G. Sandford and A.K. Bhattacharya, US Pat., 5423975 (1995).
163. J. Walendziewski, J. Grzechowiak and B. Radomyski, Przemysel Chemiczny, 65 (1986) 469.
164. F.-M. Lee, R.D. Knudsen and D.R. Kidd, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31(2) (1992) 487.
165. Anonymous, Appl. Catal., 65(2) (1990) News Brief.
166. E. Furimsky, submitted.
167. E. Furimsky and M. Yumura, Erdol Kohle, 39 (1986) 163.
168. S.K. Gangwal, S.M. Harkins, M.C. Woods, S.C. Jain and S.J. Bossart, Environ. Progr., 8 (1989) 265.
169. E. Furimsky and M. Biagini, Fuel Proc. Technol., 46 (1996) 17.
170. W. Schertz, Nat. Petrol. Refin. Assoc. Meeting, 14-15 February 1994, Houston, TX.
171. R.D. Doctor, US Pat., 5250482 (1993).
172. M.N. Harandi, J.A. Herbst, H. Owen, P.H. Schipper and R.T. Thomson, US Pat., 5286691 (1994).
173. C.F. Guthrie, L.W. Jossens, J.V. Kennedy and J.A. Paraskos, US Pat., 5260240 (1993).
174. F.J. Elvin and S.K. Pavel, Oil Gas J., 22 July (1991) 94.
175. S.K. Pavel and F.J. Elvin, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., 209th Meeting, 2-7 April 1995, p. 198.
176. M. Carron, US Pat., CA-1231534.
177. A. Escardino, J.L. Amoros, A. Moreno and E. Sanchez, Waste Managmt. Res., 6 (1996) 569.
178. T. Itoh and H. Sue, 1993 UNITAR Conf., Vol. 4, Caracas, Venezuela, 1993, p. 43.
179. K.W. McHenry, US Pat., 4276150 (1995).
180. M.N. Harandi, US Pat., 5324417 (1994); US Pat., 5372704 (1994).
181. M.N. Harandi and H. Owen, US Pat., 5372704 (1994).
182. M. Williamson, Oil Gas J., 16 October (1995) 65.
183. N. Pehrson, Oil Gas J., 22 February (1988) 55.
184. S.C. Fung, Am. Chem. Soc., Prepr. Div. Petrol. Chem., 38(1) (1993) 91.
185. J.N. Beltramini, in G.J. Antos, A.M. Aitani and J.M. Parera, Editors, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995.
186. R.T. Jacobsen, Proc. 1993 AIChE Spring Nat. Meeting, Houston, TX, Prepr., 69c, 12 pp.
187. J.P. Rosso and M.I. El Guindy, in G.J. Antos, A.M. Aitani and J.M. Parera, Editors, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995, p. 395.
188. S.R. Blashka, J.G. Welch, K. Nite and A.P. Furfaro, Oil Gas J., 18 September (1995) 62.
189. R.K. Mishra, Proc. 17th Int. Precious Metals Conf., Newport, Rhode Island, 1993, p. 449.
190. G.A. Harris, Proc. 17th Int. Precious Metals Conf., Newport, Rhode Island, 1993, p. 351.
191. P. Scholtz, Chem. Technol., 40 (1988) 451.
192. L. Mastny, M. Bumbova, E. Kalalova, O. Svajgl and V. Prazak, Chem. Prum., 36 (1986) 243.
193. D.R. Tyson and R.G. Bautista, Sep. Sci. Technol., 22 (1987) 1149.
194. P.L. Sibrell and G.B. Atkinson, US Bur. Mines, Rep., PB-95-181723/XAB (1995).
195. Y. Chauvin, D. Coummereuc, L. Saussine and G. Parc, Fr. Pat., 2690168 A.
196. F.T. Awadalla, R.E. Molnar and G.M. Ritcey, US Pat., 5304233 (1994).
197. G.B.J. De Boer and M. Hasselaar, US Pat., 5302183 (1994).
198. Jpn. Pat., 05184944 (1993).
199. G.-Q., Li, S. Konishi, K. Saito and T. Sugo, J. Membrane Sci., 95 (1994) 63.
200. N. Ezawa, H. Inoue, S. Takada and H. Masuda, US Pat., 5252305 (1993).
201. S. Shelley, Chem. Eng., April (1994) 69.
202. R.R. Chianelli, J.E. Lyons and G.A. Mills, Catal. Today, 22 (1994) 361.
203. F. Tamburano, Hydroc. Proc., October (1994) 77.
204. P.J. Griffin and T.H. Etsell, Proc. 11th World Petrol. Congr., p. 1286.