Causes and course of the Bougainville conflict

Journal of Pacific History

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 269-285

  Regan, Anthony J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000046218     PISSN: 00223344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223349808572878     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See, e.g., James Griffin, 'Bougainville is a special case', in R.J. May and Matthew Spriggs (eds), The Bougainville Crisis (Bathurst 1990), 1-15.
2. (Bougainville Freedom Movement S. n.d.) BRA spokespersons often emphasise the ethno-nationalist perspective.
3. BRA spokespersons often emphasise the ethno-nationalist perspective - see, e.g., Moses Havini, 'The long struggle for the independence of Bougainville' (Bougainville Freedom Movement S. n.d.). As to landowner grievances s. John Conncll, 'Compensation and conflict: the Bougainville Copper mine in Papua New Guinea', inJohn Conncll and Richard Howitt (eds), Mining and Indigenous Peoples in Australasia (Sydney 1991), 55-75.
4. Colin Filer, 'The Bougainville rebellion t. mining industry and the process of social disintegration in Papua New Guinea', in May and Spriggs (eds), The Bougainville Crisis, 73-112.
5. Herb Thompson and Scott MacWilliam T. Political Economy of Papua New Guinea (Manila 1992), 32-8.
6. Terence Wesley-Smith and Eugene Ogan, 'Copper c., and crisis: changing relations of production in Bougainville', The Contemporary Pacific, 4:2 (1992), 245-67, 267.
7. 'Copper c., and crisis: changing relations of production in Bougainville', The Contemporary Pacific. 1992. Ibid., 261.
8. Eugene Ogan, 'The cultural background to the Bougainville crisis', Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 92-93 (1991), 61-7.
9. Eugene Ogan, 'The cultural background to the Bougainville crisis', Journal de la Société des Océanistes. 1991. Ibid., 63.
10. Wesley-Smith and Ogan, 'Copper c., and crisis', 248.
11. Donald D. Mitchell L. and Agriculture in Nagovisi P. New Guinea (Port Moresby 1976), 33-4;
12. Donald D. Mitchell, 'Frozen assets in Nagovisi', Oceania, 53 (1982), 56 66 and 59-60;
13. Jill Nash M. and Modernisation: The Nagovisi of South Bougainville N. Guinea Research Bulletin 55 (Canberra and Port Moresby 1974), 100-1.
14. Mitchell L. and Agriculture M., 'Frozen assets';
15. Nash M. and Modernisation, 28-9 and 99-101.
16. Ogan, 'The cultural background', 64.
17. For the situation among the Nagovisi s. Nash M. and Modernisation e. 118-19.
18. Eugene Ogan B. and Cargo: Socio-economic Change Among the Nasioi of Bougainville N. Guinea Research Bulletin 44 (Port Moresby and Canberra 1972), 40-3 and 140-1.
19. Wesley-Smith and Ogan, 'Copper c., and crisis', 251.
20. who cite Jill Nash, 'Sex m. and the status of women in Aboriginal south Bougainville', American Ethnologist, 8 (1981), 107-26.
21. For illustrative examples s. Douglas L. Oliver, A Solomon Island Society (Cambridge Ma. 1955), 201 -2.
22. and Ogan B. and Cargo, 105.
23. The German New Guinea Administration Annual Report of 1907-08 indicates the nature of young men's roles before colonial 'pacification' - see Peler Sack and Dymphna Clark (eds and trans.), German Mew Guinea: the Annual Reports (Canberra 1979), 275.
24. See Sack and Clark G. New Guinea, 236,265,275,291,303,307,322 and 355
25. and Peter Sack and Dymphna Clark (eds and trans.), German New Guinea. The Draft Annual Report for 1913-14 (Canberra 1980), 71.
26. Sack and Clark G. Mew Guinea, 251.
27. Oliver, A Solomon Island Society, 411-21.
28. Mitchell L. and Agriculture in Nagovisi, 12.
29. R.J. May (ed.), Micronationalist Movements in Papua New Guinea (Canberra 1982).
30. Jill Nash and Eugene Ogan, 'The red and the black: Bougainvillean perceptions of other Papua New Guineans', Pacific Studies, 13:2 (1990), 3.
31. The red and the black'
32. See, e.g., James Griffin, 'Napidakoe Navitu', in May (ed.), Micronationalist Movements a. Griffin, 'Bougainville is a special case'.
33. Nash and Ogan, 'The red and the black', 8-9.
34. 'Red-skin' is the (normally) pejorative term used by Bougainvilleans for the generally lighter skinned Papua New Guineans from other areas of the country.
35. National Statistics Office, 1980 population census:preliminary bulletin No. 1 (Port Moresby 1981), cited in Eugene Ogan, '"Taim bilong sipak": Nasioi alcohol use 1962-1978', Ethnology, 25 (1986), 31.
36. and Ogan, '"Taim bilong sipak", 29. The basic problem is that in matrilincal societies m. are expected to plant crops on land belonging to their wives' lineage. They have few rights to anything they plant on their own lineage land prior to marriage.
37. See Wesley-Smith and Ogan, 'Copper c., and crisis', 259
38. 'Post-war reconstruction and resource-management in Papua New Guinea: re-building plantations on Bougainville', seminar presented on 20 Nov. 1997 in the Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Seminar Series R. School of Pacific and Asian Studies A. National University C.
39. Buin Patrol Reports K. Paramountcy P. Report No.4, 1952-53 (notes of copies of report made by MacWilliam N. Solomons PG office A.).
40. Kieta Patrol Reports K. Sub-division P. Report No.3, 1952-1953 (see n44). These cases of affluence may have been in part related to war damage compensation payments. They may not have been sustained a. the returns from rice c. and copra were notoriously uneven r. and coffee being largely abandoned as cash crops by the 1960s - see John Connell T. bilong mani- the evolution of agriculture in a Solomon Island society (Canberra 1978).
41. Wesley-Smith and Ogan, 'Copper c. and crisis', 257.
42. Thompson and MacWilliam T. political economy of Papua New Guinea, 22.
43. Nick V. Spencer, 'Professional development at Bougainville Copper Limited', paper presented to the seminar Towards a Strategy for Higher Education in Papua New Guinea U. of Papua New Guinea P. Moresby, 19-21 June 1984, cited by Wesley-Smith and Ogan, 'Copper c., and crisis', 258.
44. Cited in Connell, 'Compensation and conflict', 56.
45. Applied Geology Associates E., socio-economic and public health review of Bougainville Copper mine P. (Wellington 1989).
46. Bougainvillcans distinguish the bitter conflict of the internecine 'Siwai crisis' from the 'Bougainville crisis' as a whole.
47. 'Report and findings regarding the death of Theodore Miriung. Report of coroner, T. Suntheralingam', mimco., Port Moresby D. 1996.
48. For analysis of the impact of the Sandline affair on the Bougainville conflict see Anthony J. Regan, 'Preparations for war and progress towards peace: Bougainville dimensions of the Sandline affair', in S. Dinnen, R.J. May and A J. Regan C. the State: the Sandline affair in Papua New Guinea (Canberra 1997), 49-72.