Wind stress and SST variability in the North Atlantic area: Observations and five coupled GCMs in concert

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 125, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 942-957

  Verbeek, Jacob ^a  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000026509     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0942:WSASVI>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Barnston, A. G., and R. E. Livezey, 1987: Classification, seasonality, and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1083-1126.
2. Bjerknes, J., 1964: Atlantic air-sea interaction. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 10, Academic Press, 1-82.
3. Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5, 541-560.
4. Bryan, K., and R. Stouffer, 1991: A note on Bjerknes' hypothesis for North Atlantic variability. J. Mar. Sys., 1, 229-241.
5. Cayan, D. R., 1992a: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: The connection to monthly atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 5, 354-369.
6. _, 1992b: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 859-881.
7. Cubasch, U., 1995: Die Vorhersage und der Nachweis der anthropogenen Klimaänderung. Ann. Meteorol., 31, 5-8.
8. _, K. Hasselmann, H. Höck, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 8, 55-69.
9. Delworth, T., S. Manabe, and R. J. Stoufer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1993-2011.
10. Deser, C., and M. L. Blackmon, 1993: Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic ocean during winter: 1900-1989. J. Climate, 6, 1743-1753.
11. Frankignoul, C., C. Duchene, and M. Cane, 1989: A statistical approach to testing equatorial ocean models with observed data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1191-1208.
12. _, S. Fevrier, N. Sennechael, J. Verbeek, and P. Braconnot, 1995: An intercomparison between four tropical ocean models: Thermocline variability. Tellus, 47A, 351-364.
13. Hansen, J., and S. Lebedeff, 1987: Global trends of measured surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13345-13372.
14. Hasselmann, K., 1974: Stochastic climate models. Part I. Theory. Tellus, 28, 289-305.
15. Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, 1983: Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104.
16. James, I. N., and P. M. James, 1992: Spatial structure of ultra-low-frequency variability of the flow in a simple atmospheric circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 1211-1233.
17. Jones, P. D., and K. R. Briffa, 1992: Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century, Part I, Spatial, temporal, and seasonal details. The Holocene, 2, 165-179.
18. _, T. M. L. Wigley, and P. B. Wright, 1986: Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature, 322, 430-434.
19. Kharin, V. V., 1995: The relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies and atmospheric circulation in GCM experiments. Climate Dyn., 11, 359-375.
20. Krzanowski, W. J., 1990: Similarities between the groups. Principles of Multivariate Analysis, Oxford University Press, 387-392.
21. Kushnir, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate, 7, 141-157.
22. Latif, M., T. Stockdale, J. Wolff, G. Burgers, E. Maier-Reimer, M. Junge, K. Arpe, and L. Bengtsson, 1994: Climatology and variability in the ECHO coupled GCM. Tellus, 46A, 351-366.
23. Luksch, U., H. von Storch, and E. Maier-Reimer, 1990: Modeling North Pacific SST anomalies as a response to anomalous atmospheric forcing. J. Mar. Sys., 1, 155-168.
24. Lunkheit, F., 1993: Simulation de interannualen Variabilität mit einem globalen gekoppelten Atmosphäre-Ozean modell. Ph.D. dissertation, Meteorologisches Institut Hamburg, 142 pp. [Available from Meteorologisches Institut, Bundes Str. 55, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany.
25. Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, 1993: Mean circulation of the Hamburg LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 731-757.
26. Murphy, J. M., 1995: Transient response of the Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing carbon dioxide, Part I: Control climate and flux adjustment. J. Climate, 8, 36-80.
27. Oberhuber, J. M., 1993: Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea ice-mixed layer-isopycnal general circulation model, Part I: Model description. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 808-829.
28. Palmer, T. N., and Z. Sun, 1985: A modelling and observational study of the relationship between sea surface temperature in the north-west Atlantic and the atmospheric general circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 947-975.
29. Ratcliffe, R. A. S., and R. Murray, 1970: New lag associations between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and European pressure, applied to long-range weather forecasting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 226-246.
30. Richman, M. B., 1986: Rotation of principle components. J. Climatol., 6, 293-335.
31. Roeckner, E., L. Dümenil, E. Kirk, F. Lunkheit, M. Ponater, B. Rockel, R. Sausen, and U. Schlese, 1989: The Hamburg version of the ECMWF model (ECHAM). Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, G. M. Boer, Ed., WMO Tech. Document 322, 7.1-7.4.
32. _, and Coauthors, 1992: Simulation of the present day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution. Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Rep. 93, 172 pp. [Available from Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.]
33. Spangler, W. M. L., and R. L. Jenne, cited 1997: Daily and monthly lat-lon sea level pressure grids. [Available on-line from http:// www.scd.vcar.edu/dss.]
34. von Storch, J. S., 1994: Interdecadal variability in a global coupled model. Tellus, 46A, 419-432.
35. Wallace, J. M., and D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnexions in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemispheric winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784-812.
36. _, and Q. Jiang, 1987: On the observed structure of the interannual variability of the atmosphere/ocean climate system. Atmospheric and Ocean Variability, H. Cattle, Ed., Roy. Meteor. Soc., 17-43.
37. _, and C. S. Bretherton, 1992: Singular value decomposition of wintertime sea surface temperature and 500 hPa height anomalies. J. Climate, 5, 561-576.
38. _, C. Smith, and Q. Jiang, 1990: Spatial patterns of atmospheric/ ocean interaction in the Northern winter. J. Climate, 3, 990-998.
39. Weisse, R., U. Mikolajewicz, and E. Maier-Reimer, 1994: Decadal variability of the North Atlantic in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12411-12421.
40. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
41. Zorita, E., V. Kharin, and H. von Storch, 1992: The atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic area in winter: Their interaction and relevance for Iberian precipitation. J. Climate, 5, 1097-1108.